More than 700 spoken languages ​​are spoken in Indonesia. Most come from an Austronesian language family, with some Papuan languages ​​also spoken. The official language is Indonesian (locally known as Indonesian ), a Malay variant, used in these islands, borrowing many of the local Indonesian languages ​​such as Java, Sunda and Minangkabau. Indonesian is primarily used in commerce, administration, education and media, but most Indonesians speak other languages, such as Javanese, as their first language. Most of the books printed in Indonesia are written in Indonesian.
Since Indonesia recognizes only one official language, other languages ​​are not recognized either at the national or regional level, so the Javanese language is the most widely spoken language without official status, with the second Sundanese in the list (excluding the Chinese dialect).
Video Languages of Indonesia
Language by speakers
Chart comparison
Indonesian
Below is a chart of several Indonesian languages. Most of them are from the Austronesian language family. Although there are misconceptions about which should be classified as languages ​​ and which ones should be classified as dialects , they assert that most have similarities but are not mutually understandable. These languages ​​are arranged according to the number of native speakers.
Maps Languages of Indonesia
Challenges
There are 726 languages ​​spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago in 2009 (down from 742 languages ​​in 2007), the largest multilingual population in the world just after Papua New Guinea. Papua Indonesia, which borders Papua New Guinea, has the most language in Indonesia. Based on the EGIDS classification used by Ethnologue (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics), 63 languages ​​are dying (shown in red on the bar graph, subdivided into Moribund and Nearly extinct, or Dormant), defined as "The only user eloquent (if any) older than childbearing age, so it's too late to restore the transmission of natural generation through the home. "
Language education policy
Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture Muhammad Nuh confirmed in January 2013 that teaching local languages ​​as school subjects will be part of the national education curriculum. Noah stated that many people's concerns about teaching local languages ​​are being left out of the misplaced curriculum and that new curricula will be presented to them.
Dutch
Although the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as part of the Indies East Asia, the Dutch language has no official status there and a small minority who can speak fluently is an educated member of the oldest generation, or working in the legal profession, due to certain legal codes still available in the Netherlands.
Language by family
Some of the major languages ​​spoken in Indonesia that are sorted by family language are:
- Austronesian Language - (Malayo-Polynesian branch). Most of the languages ​​spoken in Indonesia belong to this family, which in return is related to the languages ​​spoken in Madagascar, the Philippines, New Zealand, Hawaii, and various Polynesian countries.
- Javanese, spoken in Yogyakarta, Central Java and East Java. Also found throughout Indonesia and by migrants in Suriname. Austronesian languages ​​are the most dense according to the number of first-language speakers.
- Lampung, two different but closely related languages ​​used in Lampung, South Sumatra, and Banten.
- The language of the rejang, spoken in the province of Bengkulu.
- Malayo-Sumbawan:
- Malay, spoken throughout Indonesia. Also used as a national language (officially designated as Indonesian).
- Acehnese language, spoken in Aceh, especially the coastal part of the island of Sumatra.
- The Minangkabau language, spoken in West Sumatra.
- The Banjar language, spoken in South, East, and Central Kalimantan.
- Sundanese, spoken in West Java, Banten, and Jakarta.
- Balinese, spoken in Bali.
- Madurese language, spoken in Madura, Bawean and surrounding islands off the coast of Java.
- Sasak language, spoken in Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara.
- Barito Language:
- Ma'anyan language, closely related to the Malagasy language used in Madagascar.
- Language North Sumatra:
- Batak language, seven closely related languages ​​spoken by the Batak people in the highlands of North Sumatra.
- Nias language, on the island of Nias off the west coast of North Sumatra.
- Simeulue language, on the island of Simeulue off the west coast of Aceh.
- Gayo language, on the Gayo highlands of Central Aceh.
- Bahasa Sulawesi Selatan:
- Buginese language, spoken by Bugis in central South Sulawesi and neighboring provinces.
- The Makassar language, spoken by the people of Makassar at the southern tip of South Sulawesi.
- Toraja language, spoken by Torajans in the northern highlands of South Sulawesi.
- The language is mandar, spoken in West Sulawesi.
- Filipino languages:
- Gorontalo language, spoken in the province of Gorontalo.
- Mongondow, spoken in the western part of North Sulawesi.
- The Minahasa language, spoken in the eastern part of North Sulawesi.
- The Sangihe language, spoken in the northern part of the island of North Sulawesi.
- The Enggano language in Sumatra is not classified
- West Papuan languages ​​, indigenous language families are found only in eastern Indonesia (northern Maluku and western Papua). Not closely related to the family of other languages. Different from the surrounding Austronesian language.
- Ternate, spoken in Ternate and northern Halmahera.
- The Tidore language, spoken in Tidore and west Halmahera, is closely related to the Ternate language above.
- Trans-New Guinea language , an indigenous language family found in eastern Indonesia (New Guinea, Flores, Timor island). It consists of hundreds of languages, including the language of Asmat and Dani.
- Mairation Language (4)
- East Cenderawasih language (Geelvink Bay) (10)
- Plain Lake Language (19th Mamberamo River top)
- Tor-Kwerba language (17)
- Nimboran language (5)
- Skou language (Skou)
- Border language (15)
- Language senagi (2)
- Pauwasi language
There are many extra small families and isolates among Papuan languages.
Signal language
- Sign Language in Indonesia
- Yogyakarta Sign Language
- Sign Language Jakarta
- Column Words
Writing system
Like most writing systems in human history, Indonesia was not created in the original system, but was designed by Tamil, Arabic, and Latin speakers. Malay, for example, has a long history as a written language and has been translated into Brahmin, Arabic, and Latin characters. The Javanese language has been written in Pallava characters in South India, and its derivatives (known as Kawi and Java), in the Arabic alphabet called the pegon that combine the Javanese sound, and in Latin alphabet.
Chinese characters were never used to write Indonesian, although the names of places in Indonesia, personal names, and names of merchandise appeared in reports and histories written for the imperial court of China.
List of writing systems
- Latin - The official Indonesian writing system; most Indonesians now use Latin script.
- Kaganga - Historically it is used to write Rejangese, an Austronesian language from Bengkulu.
- Rencong - The Brahmic-based script, previously used by Malays before the advent of Islam, introduced the Jawi script.
- Sundanese - Brahmic-based scripts, used by Sundanese to write Sundanese, although Sundanese also has standard Latin orthography.
- Jawi/Pegon - Arabic scripts, once widely used throughout Indonesia, are now declining but still used by Malays, Minangkabau, Banjar, Aceh and Java (which have their own Arabic form known as Pegon.)
- Java - Brahmic-based scripts used by the Javanese and related people, today the script dropped dramatically and was largely replaced by Latin.
- Kawi script - The oldest Brahma writing system in Indonesia and the ancestors of all Brahmic-based writing systems in Insular Southeast Asia.
- Bali - The Brahmic-based script used by Balinese to write the Balinese language, is closely tied to the Javanese script.
- Rejang - Brahmik based script used by Rejang people in Bengkulu, Sumatra. This is closely related to the script Kerinci, Lampung and Rencong.
- Kerinci (Kaganga) - Brahma based script used by Kerincis to write their language.
- Batak - Script based Brahmik, used by Batak people in North Sumatra.
- Lontara - Brahma based script, used by Bugis people in Sulawesi.
- Lampung - The Brahmic-based script, still used by the Lampung people to write the Lampung language, even though they are dropping dramatically. Lampung script is closely related to the script Rencong, Kerinci and Rejang. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Bahasa Indonesia >
English translation:
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights, they are endowed with reason and conscience and must act against each other in the spirit of brotherhood.
- Bahasa Indonesia ( Bahasa Indonesia )
- Javanese ( Java )
- Bahasa Melayu ( Bahasa Melayu )
- Minangkabau ( Baso Minangkabau )
- Bugis ( Mother )
- Bali ( Bali )
- Sundanese ( English )
- Madura ( Madura Language )
- Musi ( Soft Browser )
- Aceh ( Bahá''á Acáh )
- Tetum ( Lia-Tetun )
- Dawan ( Uab MetÃÆ' ')
- Banjar ( Banjar )
- Lampung ( Lampung )
- Rejangese ( Baso Jang )
- Malay Bengkulu ( Bahasa Melayu Bengkulu )
Reference
External links
- Indonesian ethnolinguistic graphic
- Indonesian linguistics map
- How many people speak Indonesian?
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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