Eunuch

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The term eunuch ( ; Greek: ???????? ) generally refers to a man who has been castrated , usually quite early in life for these changes to have major hormonal consequences. In Latin, the words eunuchus , spado (Greek: ?????? spadon ), and castratus is used to show eunuchs.

Castration is usually done on the eunuch immediately without his consent so that he can perform certain social functions; this is common in many societies. The earliest records for deliberate castration to produce eunuchs were from the city of Sumer, Lagash in the 21st century BC. For thousands of years since then, they have performed various functions in different cultures: equal punggawa or households, treble singers, religious specialists, soldiers, royal guards, government officials, and female guards or harem servants.

The eunuchs will usually be servants or castrated slaves to make them reliable servants in the royal palace where physical access to the ruler can have a profound effect. It appears that low household functions - such as making a ruler's bed, bathing him, cutting his hair, carrying it in garbage, or even conveying a message - can theoretically give a eunuch the "ear of the ruler" and give de facto strength at slaves who are formally humble but trustworthy. A similar example is reflected in the humble origins and etymology of many high offices.

The eunuchs are said to have generally had no loyalty to the military, aristocracy, or their own families (not having offspring or in-laws, at least), and are therefore seen as more trustworthy and less interested in building personality. 'dynasty'. Because their condition usually lowers their social status, they can also be easily replaced or killed without consequence. In cultures that have harems and eunuchs, eunuchs are sometimes used as harem servants (compare odalis women) or seraglio guards.

Video Eunuch

Etimologi

eunuch comes from the Greek word eunoukhos , first proved in a fragment from Hipponax, the 6th century BC comic poet and the inventor of a compound word. The bitter poet portrays a good food lover who has "consumed his dinner wastefully and relaxed daily with tuna and honey-garlic cheese like a Lampsacene eunoukhos ". In ancient classical literature from the early 5th century BC onwards, the word generally refers to some inability to or abstention from procreation, either because of natural constitution or physical mutilation. For example, Lucian suggests two methods to determine whether a person is a eunuch: physical examination of the body, or supervision of his ability to have sexual intercourse with a woman (Lucian, Eunuchus 12).

The earliest surviving etymology of this word dates back to ancient times. The 5th Century (M) Etymology by Orion of Thebes offers two alternatives to the word eunuch: first, to t? Eun? N ekhein , "guarding the bed", a derivative that was deduced from the role formed by the eunuchs at the time as a "steward" in the imperial palace, and secondly, to eu tou nou ekhein , "to be good with respect to the mind", which Orion explains on the basis of "they are deprived of male-female relations (ester) menou tou misgesthai, things formerly used to call irrational ( ano? ta , literally: 'meaningless') ". The second option of Orion reflects established idioms in Greek, as shown by the entries for noos , eunoos and ekhein in Leksell and Dictionary Greek-English Scott, while the first option is not listed as an idiom under eun? in standard reference work. However, the first option cited by the ninth-century Byzantine emperor, Leo VI in the New Constitution 98 prohibits the eunuchs' marriage, in which he records the reputation of the eunuch as a trustworthy guardian of the marriage bed ( eun ) and claimed that the word eunuch was evident for this type of work. The emperor also went further than Orion by linking the lack of male-female relationships especially with castration, which he said was done with the intention "that they will no longer do the things that men do, or at least to extinguish anything that should done with the desire for female sex ". The 11th century Byzantine monk Nikon from the Black Mountain, choosing not for Orion's second alternative, declared that the word came from eunoein (eu "good" nous "mind"), thus meaning "to be good -create, good, good or favorable, "but unlike Orion, he argues that it is because of the belief that a jealous and suspicious foreign ruler is placed in the allegiance of their exiled servant. Theophylact of Ohrid in the dialogue In Defense of the Eunuch also states that the origin of the word comes from eunoein and ekhein , "to own, hold", because they are always "okay" to the master who "holds" or owns it. The 12th-century Etymologicum Magnum (s.v. eunoukhos ) essentially repeats an entry from Orion, but stands by the first option, while connecting the second option with what some say. At the end of the 12th century, Eustathius of Thessalonica (Commentary on Homer 1256.30, 1643.16) offers the original derivative of the word from eunis okheuein, "deprived of marriage".

In the translation of the Bible into modern European languages, like the Luther Bible or the King James Bible, the word eunuchus as found in the Latin Vulgate is usually translated as officer, official or treasurer, consistent with the idea that the original meaning of the eunuch sleepers (Orion's first choice). Modern scholars of religion have been reluctant to assume that the courts of Israel and Judah were among the castrated, although the original translation of the Bible into the Greek uses the word eunoukhos.

Therefore, the early seventeenth-century scholar and theologian Gerardus Vossius explained that the word originally referred to an office, and he asserted the view that it came from and ekhein (ie "bed-keeper"). He said the word was applied to people who were castrated in general because such people were the regular holders of the office. However, Vossius notes the alternative etymology offered by Eustathius ("seized from marriage") and others ("having a good mind"), calling this analysis "quite subtle". Then, having previously stated that the eunuch appointed an office (ie, not a personal characteristic), Vossius finally summarized his argument in a different way, saying that the words "continents were originally marked" to whom the care of women was entrusted, and then came to refer on castration because "among strangers" the role is performed "by those with a mutilated body".

Modern etymologists have followed Orion's first choice. In the 1925 essay which influenced the word eunuchs and related terms, Ernst Maass stated that the derivation of Eustathius "can or should be put to rest", and he asserts the derivation of eun? and ekhein ("bedkeeper"), without mentioning other derivatives of eunoos and ekhein ("having a good state of mind ").

Maps Eunuch

By region and by time

Ancient Middle East

The eunuchs were known figures in the Assyrian Empire (c. 850 to 622 BC) and in the palace of the Egyptian Pharaoh (descended to the Lagid dynasty known as Ptolemies, ending with Cleopatra), (30 BC). The eunuchs are sometimes used as regents for underage heirs, as seems to be the case for the Neo-Hittite state, Carchemish. The eunuch's politics became an entirely well-established institution among the Achamenide Persians. The eunuchs held a strong position at the Achaemenide palace. The Bagoas (not to be confused with the Alexander Bagoas) cloaks are Wazir Artaxerxes III and IV, and were the main force behind the throne during their reign, until he was killed by Darius III.

Ancient Greece, Rome, and Byzantium

This practice was also well established in other Mediterranean regions between Greece and Rome, although the role of court functionaries did not appear until the Byzantine epoch. Galli or Priest of Cybele are eunuchs.

In the final period of the Roman Empire, after the adoption of a royal court model by Emperor Diocletian and Constantine, the emperors were surrounded by eunuchs for functions such as bathing, haircut, dressing and bureaucratic functions, essentially acting as a shield between the Emperor and his administrator of physical contact , thus enjoying great influence at Imperial Court (see Eusebius and Eutropius). The eunuchs are believed to be loyal and irreplaceable.

The Roman Marxist martial arts against a woman who had sex with a partially neutered eunuch (those whose testicles were removed or given only inactively) on a bitter epigram (VI 67): "Do you ask, Panychus, why is your Caelia just in harmony with the eunuch "Caelia wants the wedding flowers - not the fruit." It is up to the debate whether this section is representative of widely practiced behavior.

In the Byzantine imperial palace, there were a large number of eunuchs who worked in domestic and administrative functions, actually arranged as separate hierarchies, following their own parallel careers. Archieunuchs - each responsible for a group of eunuchs - were among the chief officers in Constantinople, under the emperors. Under Justinian rule in the sixth century, Narses's eunuch served as a successful general in campaigns. In the last centuries the Empire the number of roles provided for eunuchs has been reduced, and its use may have ended.

Following the Byzantine tradition, the eunuchs had important duties at the Norman royal palace in Sicily during the 12th century. One of them, Philip of Mahdia, is an admiratus admiratorum, and another, Ahmed es-Sikeli, is prime minister.

China

In China, castration includes removal of the penis and testicles. Both organs are cut with a knife at the same time.

From ancient times to the Sui Dynasty, castration was a traditional punishment (one of the Five Punishments) and a means of obtaining employment within the imperial service. Certain eunuchs derive tremendous powers that sometimes replace even the Main Secretariat. Zheng He, who lived during the Ming Dynasty, is an example of such a eunuch. Self-castration is a common practice, though it is not always done completely, which causes it to be illegal.

It is said that the justification for employing eunuchs as high-ranking government employees is that, since they are unable to have children, they will not be tempted to seize power and start dynasties. In many cases, eunuchs were considered more reliable than clerical officials. A similar system exists in Vietnam.

The tension between the eunuchs in the ministry of the emperor and the cultured Confucians was a familiar theme in Chinese history. In his book Government History , Samuel Finer points out that reality is not always clear. There are several examples of highly capable eunuchs who are valuable advisers to their emperor, and the resistance of "virtuous" officials often comes from jealousy on their part. Ray Huang argued that in reality, the eunuchs represented the Emperor's personal will, while officials represented the alternative political will of the bureaucracy. Clashes between them will thus be a clash of ideologies or political agendas.

The number of eunuchs at Imperial employed dropped to 470 in 1912, when the practice of using them ceased. The last imperial eunuch, Sun Yaoting, died in December 1996.

Qin Dynasty

The people who were sentenced to castration were converted into Qin dynasty check slaves to perform forced labor for projects such as the Terracotta Army. The Qin government confiscated property and enslaved the families of rapists who accepted castration as punishment. Persons convicted with castration during the Han dynasty were also used as slave laborers.

Han Dynasty

In the Han Dynasty, Chinese castration continued to be used as a punishment for numerous offenses. Sima Qian, a famous Chinese historian, was castrated on the orders of the Han Chinese Emperor because of dissent. In another incident, many people, including the main clerks and subordinates, were subjected to castration.

Tang Dynasty

The indigenous tribes of southern China were used as eunuchs during the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Liao Dynasty

The Khitan people adopted the practice of using eunuchs from the Chinese and the eunuchs were non-Khitan prisoners of war. When they founded the Liao dynasty they developed a harem system with concubines and wives and adopted eunuchs as part of it. The Khites arrested the Chinese eunuchs at Jin's court when they attacked Jin Then. Another source was during their war with the Song dynasty, Khitan would attack China, capture the Han Chinese boys as prisoners of war and castrate them to be eunuchs. The sacrifice of captured Chinese children ensures a continuous supply of eunuchs to serve in the Liao Dynasty harem. Empress Dowager Chengtian played a major role in the raids to capture and castrate the boys. He personally led his own troops to defeat Song in 986, against the retreating Chinese army. He then ordered the castration of about 100 Chinese boys he captured, supplementing circumcision supplies from circumcision to serve in his palace, among them was Wang Ji'en. The children were under the age of ten and were chosen for their good looks.

Yuan Dynasty

A large number of Korean eunuchs, Korean girl concubines, eagle, ginseng, wheat, cloth, silver, and gold were sent as tribute to the Mongol Yuan dynasty. such as Korean courtesy of Bak Bulhwa and Empress Gi Korea. Goryeo causes negative consequences as a result of Kes Bulhwa's eunuch. Payment of tribute brings many dangers to Korea.

Ming Dynasty

There are several eunuchs from various ethnic Chinese, Mongolian, Korean, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Central Asian, Thai, and Okinawan. During the early Ming period, Korean concubines and eunuchs, some of whom watched Korean concubines in the harem, were sometimes asked as tributes by the Ming Emperor, such as Emperor Xuande, for imperial harems in imitating precedent dynasties, such as Vietnamese women and eunuchs. Korea stopped sending human tribute after 1435. A total of 98 girls and 198 eunuchs were sent from Korea to Ming.

There were Koreans, Jurchens, Mongols, Central Asians, and Vietnamese under the Emperor Yongle, including the Mongol eunuchs who served him when he was Prince Yan. The Muslim and Mongol eunuchs were present at Ming's court, as taken from the Mongolian-controlled Yunnan in 1381, and among them the great Ming sea explorers, serving Yongle. The Muslim eunuch was sent as an ambassador to the Eastids. The Vietnamese eunuchs like Ruan Lang, Ruan An, Fan Hong, Chen Wu, and Wang Jin were sent by Zhang Fu to Ming. During the initial contradiction of Ming's relationship with Joseon, when there were disputes such as competition to influence Jurchen in Manchuria, Korean officials were even whipped by Korean-born foreign ambassadors when their demands were not met. Some arrogant ambassadors, such as Sin Kwi-saeng who, in 1398, drank and waved knives at dinner in the presence of the king. The Sino-Korean relationship then became friendly, and the arrangement of seats of Korean envoys at the Ming court was always the highest among the tributaries.

During the Miao Rebellion, the Ming Governor castrated the thousands of Miao's children when their tribes rebelled, and then gave them slaves from various officials. The governor who ordered Miao's castration was rebuked and cursed by Emperor Ming Tianshun for doing so when the Ming government heard of the event.

Zhu Shuang ?? (Prince Min of Qin ???), while he was intoxicated with drugs, had several neutered Tibetan boys and Tibetan women arrested after the war against the Tibetan minority and were consequently reprimanded after he died of an overdose.

On January 30, 1406, Emperor Yongle expressed fear when Ryukyuan castrated some of their own children to be eunuchs in order to hand them over to the emperor. Emperor Yongle said that the castrated boys were innocent and not worthy of castration, and he returned the children to Ryukyu and ordered them not to send the eunuch anymore.

An anti-pig-slaughter decree led to speculation that the Emperor Zhengde adopted Islam because he used a Muslim eunuch who commissioned porcelain production with Persian and Arabic inscriptions in white and blue. Muslim eunuchs donated money in 1496 to repair the Niujie Mosque. The women of Central Asia were given to Emperor Zhengde by a Muslim guard and Sayyid Hussein of Hami. The guard is Yu Yung and the women are Uighurs. It is not known who was actually behind the pig slaughter decree. The speculation about him being a Muslim is remembered along with his excessive and immoral behavior with his foreign concubines. The Central Asian Muslim girl is favored by Zhengde as to how Korean girls are favored by Xuande. A Uyghur concubine is kept by Zhengde. Foreign Uighur and Mongol women came from Zhengde emperor.

By the end of the Ming dynasty, there were about 70,000 eunuchs hired or emperor, employed by the emperor, with some portions within the imperial palace. There were 100,000 eunuchs at the peak of their number during the Ming. In popular culture texts such as Zhang Yingyu's Qing Dynasty

While eunuchs were employed in all Chinese dynasties, their numbers dropped significantly below Qing. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 2,000 eunuchs working in the Forbidden City.

The eunuchs in the Forbidden City during the Qing period were later renowned for their corruption, stealing as much as they could. The eunuch's position in the Forbidden City offers an opportunity for theft and corruption and China is a poor country so innumerable men are willing to be eunuchs to live a better life. However, the eunuchs as Caesar's slaves had no right and could be abused by the will of the emperor. Emperor Puyi recalled in his memoir growing in the Forbidden City that: "At the age of 11 years, whip whip is part of my daily routine My cruelty and love of power have been too strongly established for persuasion to have an effect on me... Every time I in a bad temper, the eunuchs will get into trouble. "All eunuchs living in the Forbidden City must bring their cut off genitals in glass jars full of vinegar on their necks at all times.

After the 1911-12 revolution that overthrew Qing, the last emperor Puyi continued to live in the Forbidden City with his eunuchs as if the revolution never took place when receiving financial support from the new Chinese republic until 1924 when the former emperor and his entourage were expelled from the Forbidden City by warlord General Feng Yuxiang. In 1923, after the burning case believed to be Puyi began to cover the theft of his imperial treasures, Puyi drove all eunuchs from the Forbidden City.

The rebellious sons and grandchildren of Tajik, Yaqub Beg, in China are all castrated. Members of the surviving Yaqub Beg family include 4 sons, 4 grandchildren (2 grandchildren and 2 granddaughters), and 4 wives. They died in jail in Lanzhou, Gansu, or were killed by the Chinese. His sons Yima Kuli, K'ati Kuli, Maiti Kuli, and Aisan Ahung's grandson were the only survivors in 1879. They were all minors, and on trial, sentenced to painful death penalty if they were involved in " their father's rebellion, or if they are not guilty of the crimes of their father, should be punished for castration and serve as slaves to the Chinese army, when they reach 11 years old, and handed over to the Imperial Household for execution or castration.In 1879, it was certain that the castration penalty was performed: Son and grandson Yaqub Beg were castrated by the Chinese court in 1879 and turned into eunuchs to work at the Imperial Palace.

Korean

The Korean eunuchs, called Naesi (??, ??), are the kings and other nobles in traditional Korean society. The first recorded appearance of a Korean eunuch was in Goryeosa ("History of Goryeo"), a compilation of the Goryeo period. In 1392, with the establishment of the Joseon Dynasty, the system of Naesi was revised, and the department was renamed "Naesi Department" (???, ???).

The Naesi system includes two ranks, namely Sangseon, who holds the official second rank of senior, and Naegwan (????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? "," Common official Naesi "), both positioned as officers. 140 naesi in total served the palace during the Joseon Dynasty period. They also take the Confucian exam each month. The naesi system was lifted in 1894 after the Gabo reform.

During the Yuan Dynasty, eunuchs became the desired commodity for tribute, and dog bites were replaced by more sophisticated surgical techniques. During the period when Korea was subjected to the Mongol Empire, the Korean kings regularly sent "human tribute" to their masters, sending hundreds of Korean teenage girls to serve as concubines to the Chinese Emperor Yuan, while hundreds of Korean teenagers were castrated. and then sent to serve as eunuchs in Chinese courts every three years. Korean sources only record the names of Korean nobles sent to China as "human appreciation" to work as eunuchs and concubines, but there are thousands more ordinary people rounded off to serve whom the Korean source only mentions at a glance.

The eunuchs were the only men outside the royal family who were allowed to stay inside the palace overnight. The court records going back to 1392 show that the average age of eunuchs is 70.0 Ã, Â ± 1.76 years, which is 14.4-19.1 years longer than the age of non-castrated people of the same socioeconomic status.

Vietnamese

The Vietnamese adopted eunuchs and castration techniques from China. Records show that Vietnamese people do castration in painful procedures by removing all genitals with penis and testicles cut with a sharp knife or a metal knife. The procedure is torturous because the entire penis is cut off. The young man's thigh and stomach will be tied up and the others will pin it on the table. The genitals will be washed with pepper water and then cut. A tube will be inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. The eunuchs served as slaves to the Vietnamese court women in the harem - like queens, concubines, servants, Queen, and Princess - doing most of the work. The only people allowed in the Palace were the Emperors, the only ones allowed were the women and the eunuchs because they could not have sexual relations with the women. The eunuchs were assigned to perform work for the court women, such as massaging and applying makeup to women, preparing them to have sex with Caesar.

LÃÆ'½ Dynasty

LÃÆ'½ Th ?? ng Ki? T was a prominent eunuch during the LÃÆ'½ (1009-1225) Dynasty.

Tr? n Dynasty

A male student was given money in exchange for being eunuch by Tran Canh in 1254 because many people castrated themselves to be eunuchs during the Tran and Ly dynasties.

The Tr'in dynasty sent Vietnamese eunuchs to honor the Chinese Ming Dynasty several times, in 1383, 1384 and 1385 Nguyen Dao, Nguyen Toan, Ca Tru, and Ngo Tin among some Vietnamese eunuchs sent to China. Fourth_Chinese_domination_of_Vietnam_ (Ming_dynasty) "> Fourth Vietnamese Domination (Ming Dynasty)

During the Fourth Chinese Domination of Vietnam, Ming Ming under the Emperor Yongle castrated many young Vietnamese, chose them for their good looks and abilities, and took them to Nanjing to serve as eunuchs. Among them are the architects-engineers Nguy? N An and Nguyen Lang (??). Vietnam is one of many eunuchs who came from various places found in the palace of Emperor Yongle. Among the eunuchs responsible for the Beijing Capital Battalion was Xing An, a Vietnamese.

LÃÆ'ª Dynasty

In the LÃÆ'Â Din Dynasty, the Vietnamese Emperor LÃÆ'ª ThÃÆ'¡nh TÃÆ''ng was aggressive in relation to foreign countries including China. A large number of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam occurred during his reign. Early accounts noted that the Vietnamese-speaking Chinese whose ships had been blown off and held them. Young Chinese men were chosen by Vietnamese to be castrated as eunuch slaves for the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that the Chinese people caught and castrated by Vietnam are involved in trade between China and Vietnam rather than being completely blown off and they are being punished as part of a crackdown on foreign trade by Vietnam..

Some Malay delegates from the Malacca sultanate were attacked and arrested in 1469 by the L of Annam Dynasty (Vietnam) when they returned to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese people enslaved and castrated young people from among those arrested.

An entry in 1472 in Ming Shilu, reported that some Chinese from the Nanhai area fled back to China after their ship was flown to Vietnam, where they were forced to serve as Vietnamese military soldiers. Runaway also reported that they found that up to 100 Chinese were detained in Vietnam after they were arrested and neutered by Vietnam after their ship was thrown off the track to Vietnam. China's Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering civilians and Chinese troops to stop going abroad to foreign countries. China's relationship with Vietnam during this period was marked by the penalty of custody with castration.

A 1499 entry in Ming Shilu noted that thirteen Chinese men from Wenchang, including a man named Wu Rui (??), were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off while traveling from Hainan to Qinzhou's Qinzhou subprefecture, causing them to end in near the coast of Vietnam during the reign of Emperor Chenghua (1447 - 1487). Twelve of them were enslaved as agricultural laborers, while Wu Rui, the only young man, was castrated and a eunuch in the Imperial Palace of Vietnam at Thang Long. After years of service, after the death of the Vietnamese authorities in 1497, he was promoted to a military position in northern Vietnam. There, a soldier informs him of the flight route back to China where Wu Rui then fled to Longzhou. The head of the local area plans to sell it back to Vietnam, but Wu is rescued by Judge Pingxiang, then sent to Beijing to work as a eunuch in the palace.

The ?? i Vi? T s? kÃÆ'½ toÃÆ'n th. notes that in 1467 in An Bang province in Dai Viet (now Qu ng Ninh province), a Chinese ship exploded to shore. The Chinese were arrested and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same as that captured by Wu Rui.

Nguy? n Dynasty

Poet H? XuÃÆ'Â ¢ n H ng the taunts of the eunuchs in his poems as a stand-in for criticizing the government.

Ordinary people are barred from castration in Vietnam. Only adult males with high social rankings can be castrated. Most eunuchs are born like that with congenital abnormalities. The Vietnamese government mandates that boys born with defective genitals should be reported to officials, in exchange for cities exempted from mandatory labor requirements. The boy will have the option of serving as an eunuch official or serving a court lady when he is ten years old. This law was enacted in 1838 during the Nguyi Dynasty. The only men allowed inside the Forbidden City in Hu? was the Emperor and his eunuch.

The eunuch's presence in Vietnam was used by French invaders to dump Vietnam.

Thailand

In Siam (modern Thailand) Indian Muslims from Coromandel Beach serve as eunuchs in the palace and Thai courts. Thai people sometimes ask Chinese eunuchs to visit courts in Thailand and advise them on court rituals because they are very respectful of them.

Burmese

Sir Henry Yule saw many Muslims serving as eunuchs in Konbaung Dynasty Burma (modern Myanmar) while on a diplomatic mission. These Muslim eunuchs are from Arakan.

Ottoman Empire

In the Ottoman Empire, eunuchs were usually slaves imported from outside their territory. The fair proportion of male slaves is imported as eunuchs. The Ottoman court harem - in Topkap? The palace (1465-1853) and later the Palace of DolmabahÃÆ'§e (1853-1909) in Istanbul - were under the administration of the eunuchs. These are the two categories: Black Eunuch and White Eunuch. The black eunuchs were African slaves who served the concubines and officials in Harem together with the lower-ranking servants. The White Eunuchs were Europeans of the Balkans or Caucasus, either bought in slave markets or boys taken from Christian families in the Balkans who were unable to pay the Jizya tax. They served the recruits at the Palace School and since 1582 were barred from entering the Harem. An important figure in the Ottoman court is the Head of the Black Eunuch ( K? Zlar A? As? or Dar al-Saada A? As? ). In the control of the Harem and the spy web in the Black Chief, the Chief Eunuch was involved in almost every palace intrigue and thus could gain power over the sultan or one of the viziers, ministers, or other court officials. One of the most powerful Chief Eunuchs was Beshir Agha in the 1730s, who played an important role in upholding the Ottoman Hanafi version of Islam throughout the Empire by setting up libraries and schools. Entire system Dev? Irme , where children of Christian families in the Balkans can not pay the burdensome jizya tax incurred away, and, depending on their gender, become concubines, in the case of girls, or, in the case of boys, who are conscripted into the Janissary Corps or to be eunuchs. The action (emasculation) makes the Ottoman government much hated by Christians in the Balkans.

Coptic engagement

Edmund Andrews of Northwestern University, in an article in 1898 called the "Oriental Eunuch" in the American Journal of Medicine, refers to the Coptic priest in "Abou GerhÃÆ'¨ in Upper Egypt" castrated the slave boys.

Coptic eradication of slaves has been discussed by Peter Charles Remondino, in his book The History of Circumcision from the Earliest to the Present, published in 1900. He refers to the abbey of "Abou-GerghÃÆ'¨" somewhere. he calls "Mount Ghebel-Ether". He added details not mentioned by Andrews such as bamboo insertion to the victim. Bamboo is used with Chinese eunuchs. Andrews stated that the information came from his earlier work, "Les Femmes, les eunuques, et les guerriers du Soudan " published by French explorer Count de Bisson in 1868, although the place did not appear. in de Bisson's book.

Remondino's claim was repeated in similar form by Henry G. Spooner in 1919, in the American Journal of Urology and Sexology. Spooner, a colleague of William J. Robinson, called the abbey as "Abou Gerbe in Upper Egypt".

According to Remondino, Spooner and some later sources, Coptic priests cut off penises and testicles from Nubian or Abyssinian slave boys around the age of eight. The children were arrested from Abyssinia and other areas of Sudan such as Darfur and Kordofan, then taken to Sudan and Egypt. During the operation, Coptic priests chained the boys to the table, then, after cutting off their sexual organs, attached a piece of bamboo to the genital area, and then drowned them in the sand as high as the neck to burn. The recovery rate is ten percent. The resulting eunuchs took great advantage different from eunuchs from other regions.

An identifiable Coptic area named after the slave castration is the former Al-Zawya village. Slave traders who travel north from Sudan will emasculate their male slaves here, before entering the Muslim city of Asyut, 10 miles north, where they can be sold.

Algiers

In the 16th century, an Englishman, Samson Rowlie, was arrested and castrated to serve the Ottoman governor of Algeria.

Indian subcontinent

Eunuchs in the Indian sultanate (before Mughal)

Eunuchs were often employed in imperial palaces by Muslim rulers as slaves to female nobles, as keepers of the royal harem, and as sexual partners for the nobles. Some of them achieve high status positions in the community. An early example of such a high-ranking eunuch was Malik Kafur, a Hindu boy who was arrested and enslaved, during the raid of the Delhi Sultanate to Gujarat. The eunuchs in Imperial palaces were organized in the hierarchy, often with a senior or Chief Eunuch (Urdu: Khwaja Saras), directing the junior eunuch below him. The eunuchs are greatly appreciated for their strength and trust, enabling them to live among women with less concern. This allowed the eunuchs to serve as messengers, guards, bodyguards and palace guards. Often, eunuchs also multiply as part of the king's advisory court.

The hijra of South Asia

The Kama Sutra of Ancient India refers to people of the "third sex" ( triteeyaprakrti ), who can wear men's or women's clothing and perform fellatio on men. This term has been translated as "eunuch" (as in the translation of Sir Richard Burton's book), but these people are also considered to be equivalent to modern Indian Hijra.

Hijrah, the Urdu term that is traditionally translated into English as "eunuch", actually refers to what modern Westerners call transgender women and humiliate homosexual men (although some of them are reportedly identified as part of the third sex). Some of them undergo castration rituals, but the majority do not. They usually wore saris (traditional Indian clothing worn by women) or shalwar kameez (traditional dress worn by women in South Asia) and wear heavy makeup. They usually live on the margins of society and face discrimination. However, they are an integral part of some Hindu ceremonies which are the main form of their livelihood. They are part of a dance program (sometimes Adult) in a marriage ceremony. They also perform certain ceremonies for couples in the Hindu tradition. Other ways to earn a living are: by coming, uninvited at weddings, births, opening new stores and other big family events, singing until they are paid or rewarded to go. This ceremony should bring good luck and fertility, while an unpleasant hijrah curse is feared by many people. Other sources of income for hijrah are begging and prostitution. Begging accompanied by singing and dancing and hijra usually earn money easily. Some Indian provincial officials have used hijra aid to collect taxes in the same way - they knock on the door of the shopkeepers, dancing and singing, embarrassing them to pay. More recently, hijra has begun to find organizations to improve their social conditions and combat discrimination, such as the Pakistan Waria Foundation.

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Religious castration

Castration as a part of religious practice, and eunuchs who occupied the role of religion were established before the classical antiquity. Archaeological findings in ÃÆ'â € atalhÃÆ'¶yÃÆ'¼k in Anatolia show the worship of the figure of 'Magna Mater', the pioneer of the Cybele goddess found in later Anatolia and other parts of the Near East. Then the Roman follower of Cybele was called Galli, who performed a castration ritual, known as sanguinaria . The eunuch priests also stand out in the Atargatist cult in Syria during the first centuries AD

The practice of religious castration continued into the Christian era, with early church members practicing celibacy (including castration) for religious purposes, although the extent and even existence of this practice among Christians was disputed. The early theologian Origen found evidence of the practice in Matthew 19: 10-12: "His disciples said to him," If this is the case with a man with his wife, it is better not to marry. "But he said to them," Not everyone can accept this teaching, but only those who are given. Because there are eunuchs who have been born, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by others, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven. Let anyone receive this which can " (NRSV) .

Tertullian, a 2nd century Father of the Church, describes Jesus himself and Paul of Tarsus as , translated as "eunuch" in some contexts. Quoting from the book quoted: "... Ã, Tertullian taking 'spado' means virgin...". The meaning of spado in the late antiquity can be interpreted as a metaphor for celibacy. Tertullian even went a long way with a metaphor as saying that Saint Paul had been castrated .

The eunuch priests have served various goddesses from India for centuries. A similar phenomenon is exemplified by some of the modern Indian communities of the hijra, associated with gods and with certain rituals and festivals - especially the devoted Yellammadevi, or jogappa, which is neutered and the southern Indian Ali, of which there are at least some.

The 18th-century Russian sect of Skoptzy ( ?????? ) is an example of a cult of castration, in which its members regard castration as a way of delivering the sins of the flesh. Some members of the cult of the 20th-century Heavenly Door were found to have been castrated, seemingly voluntarily and for the same reason.

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In the Bible

The eunuch is mentioned many times in the Bible as in Isaiah (56: 4) using the word ???? ( cider ). Although the Ancient Hebrews did not perform castration, the eunuchs were common in other cultures featured in the Bible, such as ancient Egypt, Babylon, Persian Empire, and ancient Rome. In the Book of Esther, the servants of the harem of Ahasuerus such as Hegai and Shashgaz and other servants such as Hatach, Harbonah, Bigthan, and Teresh are referred to as the sarisim . Exposed to the empress's queen, they are likely to be castrated.

There is some confusion about the eunuch in the Old Testament section, because the Hebrew word for eunuchs, saris , can also refer to servants and other officials who were never castrated but presented in capacity. The Egyptian royal officer Potiphar is described as a saris in Genesis 39: 1, although he is married and therefore can not be a castrated eunuch.

One of the most converted Christians was an Ethiopian eunuch who was a high ranking official of Candace's palace, Queen of Ethiopia. Acts 8: 27-39 The reference to "eunuchs" in Matthew 19:12 has produced various interpretations.

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Unencumbered eunuch

Hippocrates describes certain ethnic groups who suffer from high-level erectile dysfunction as "the most eunuchoid of all nations" (Airs Waters Places 22). The term "eunuch" has sometimes been used for various men who are physically unable to bear children. In Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, the term used is spado, which is literally used for impotent men, but can also be used for eunuchs. But this is sometimes generalized to mean that eunuchs can be used for impotent men, which is a mistake.

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Castrato singer

The eunuchs who were castrated before puberty were also cherished and trained in some cultures for their extraordinary sounds, which retain flexibility like children and other-worldly and treble pitch (high-pitched sound). Such eunuchs are known as castrati. Unfortunately the choice must be made at an age when the child has not been able to consciously choose whether to sacrifice his reproductive ability, and there is no guarantee that the sound will remain of excellence after the music operation.

Because women are sometimes forbidden to sing in the Church, where they are taken by castrati. The practice, known as castratism , remained popular until the 18th century and was known until the 19th century. The most famous Italian finalist, Giovanni Velluti, died in 1861. The current videotape of the castrato performers documents the voice of Alessandro Moreschi, the last eunuch in the choir of the Sistine Chapel, who died in 1922.

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In the contemporary world

Indian Hijrahs (see above) can number as many as 2,000,000, and are usually described as "eunuchs", although they may be more than a transsexual male, but have surgical castration instead of replacement surgeries, and rarely have access to hormones. The loss of testosterone and the lack of estrogen means their body takes on the characteristics of the post-puberty eunuch.

The most frequently castrated man is an advanced prostate cancer patient. In the United States alone there are over 200,000 new cases of prostate cancer diagnosed each year. It is estimated that more than 80,000 men will be operated on or chemically castrated within six months of diagnosis. With average life expectancy after castration, there are about half a million prostate cancer patients chemically castrated or surgically present in the US alone. While most of these people will reject the term "eunuchs," they meet all the physiological characteristics of the post-puberty eunuch. But there are some who embrace the term for the historical and psychological basis it provides.

Criminal sex offenders are rare, although there is debate over whether drastic reductions in testosterone and decreased libido can consequently affect recidivism.

A study of eunuchs has found that they live 13.5 years longer than non-eunuch men as a result of lack of testosterone, which reduces the likelihood of participation in risky behaviors, such as violence.

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In popular culture

Movies

• The 2001 documentary Bombay Kasim examines the changing role of hijaria in India, some of which are also eunuchs
• The 2011 film Nilkantho treats Indian hijra suffering with sensitivity
• The 2003 Eiuchs documentary film investigates the world under the modern eunuch in America
• Kiss the Moon , a 2010 documentary filming in Pakistan, describes three generations of eunuchs who examined ancient rituals and religious beliefs around their community
• The Last Triuch , a 1988 Chinese biography film directed by Zhang Zhiliang, tells the story of Sun Yaoting, who saw the lifestyle of the last royal palace and experienced the imminent destruction of the last imperial empire and felt the new changes brought by the age new.
• In Melatax's 1981 comedy World History, Part I , under the "Roman Empire" section, the whole scene is devoted to jokes about eunuchs, long African genitals, and his song, "Caldonia"; all rolled into one.

Books

• Some stories from Arabian Nights focus on eunuchs.
• The eunuchs stand out in the novel Montesquieu in 1722 Lettres Persanes about Persian visitors to 18th-century France.
• Bagoas, the eastern favorite of Alexander the Great, is the main character and narrator of The Persian Boy, a historical novel by Mary Renault in 1972.
• The Janissary Tree and the sequel is a criminal novel made in Istanbul in the 1830s, written by Jason Goodwin featuring Yashim, a eunuch detective.
• Castrati singer in the 18th century Italy is the main character of Anne Rice's novel Crying to Heaven.
• The change was by Kingsley Amis is an "alternate history" set in the twentieth-century England of a male soprano and eunuch.
• The novel series of Wilbur Smith on ancient Egypt, beginning with the River God , follows the adventures of a talented eunuch named Taita.
• George RR Martin's fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire features eunuch Varys (also called Spider), a court official who holds a Master of Whisperers degree, equivalent to a real-world spymaster. Another character, Theon Greyjoy, implied was turned into a eunuch while detained. The elite Unsullied eunuch soldiers, also highly featured in the books.
• The character of Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer is implied as eunuch, or even homosexual.

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The famous eunuch

In chronological order.

First millennium BCE:

• Mutakkil-Marduk (8th century BC): Assyrian eunuch, eponym 798 BC in Chronicles epic Asyrian.
• Yariri (8th century BC): regent of Neo-Hittite Carchemish suspected to be a eunuch.
• Aspamistres or Mithridates (5th century BC): Xerxes I bodyguard from Persia, and (with Artabanus) the killer.
• Artoxares: messenger of Artaxerxes I and Darius II of Persia.
• Bagoas (4th century BC): the prime minister king of Artaxerxes III of Persia, and his murderer. (Bagoas is an old Persian word meaning eunuch .)
• Bagoas (4th century BC): favorite of Alexander the Great. Influential in changing Alexander's attitude towards Persia and therefore in the king's policy decision to try to integrate fully conquered people into his Empire as a loyal subject. He thus paved the way for the success of the relative successor of Seleucus Alexander and greatly enhanced the spread of Greek culture to the East.
• Philetaerus (4th/3rd century BC): the founder of the Attalid dynasty of Pergamon
• Sima Qian (old romanization Ssu-ma Chi'en, 2nd/1st century BC): the first person to practice modern historiography - collect and analyze primary and secondary sources to write his monumental history of the Chinese empire.
• Ganymedes (1st century BC): a very capable adviser and general, sister and rival of Cleopatra VII, Princess Arsinoe. Successfully attacked Julius Caesar three times in Alexandria.
• Pothinus (1st century BC): bupati for the pharaoh Ptolemy XII.
• Sporus (1st century BC): an attractive Roman boy who was castrated by, and later married, Emperor Nero

First millennium AD:

• The unknown eunuch of the Ethiopian court (1st century CE), described in the Acts of the Apostles (Chapter 8). Philip the Evangelist, one of the original seven deacons, was directed by the Holy Spirit to chase the eunuchs and hear him read from the Book of Isaiah (Chapter 53). Philip explained that this passage foretold Jesus' crucifixion, which Philip described to the eunuch. The eunuch was baptized shortly thereafter.
• Cai Lun (old romanization Ts'ai Lun, 1st/2nd century/2nd century AD): reasonable evidence exists to show that he is really the inventor of the paper. At the very least, he established the importance of paper and made the standard of manufacture in the Chinese empire.
Origin: the early Christian theologian, alleged to castrate himself according to his reading of the Gospel of Matthew 19:12 (E) Because there was a eunuch, who was born from the womb of their mother: and there was a eunuch, made by men and there are eunuchs, who have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven, He who can take, let him take it. ). Despite the fact that the early Christian theologian Tertullian wrote that Jesus was a eunuch, there is no proof in any other original source. (The Skoptsy, however, believes that's true.)
• Eutrophic (5th century): only eunuchs are known to have reached the position of the highly respected and influential Consul of Rome.
• Chrysaphius: chief minister of the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II, architect of imperial policy against Hun.
• Narses (478-573): general of Byzantine Justinian I emperor, who was responsible for destroying Ostrogoth in 552 at the Battle of Taginae in Italy and rescuing Rome for the empire.
• Solomon: general and governor of Africa under Justinian I
• Staurakios: head of the association and minister of Byzantine Irene's consort of Athens
• Ignatius of Constantinople (799-877): twice the Patriarch of Constantinople during troubled political times [847-858 and 867-877]. The first truly unquestionable eunuch poet, recognized by the Orthodox Church and the Roman Church. (There were many early saints who may have been eunuchs, though few had any influence or no doubt upon their castration).
• Yazaman al-Khadim (died 891): Emir of Tarsus and commander of the successful battle against Byzantium
• Mu'nis al-Khadim (845/846-933/934): Commander of the Abbasid Armed Forces between 908 and his death,
• Joseph Bringas: minister of the Byzantine Empire under Romanos II (959-963).

Source of the article : Wikipedia