An audiobook (or talking book ) is a recording of the text being read. Full text readings are recorded as "not assembled", while a reduced version reading, or text reduction are labeled "summarized".
Oral audio has been available in schools and public libraries and to a lesser extent in music stores since the 1930s. Many spoken word albums are made before the age of videotapes, DVDs, compact discs and downloadable audio, but often poetry and drama rather than books. It was not until the 1980s that the media began attracting book retailers, and then booksellers began to display audio books on bookshelves rather than on separate displays.
Video Audiobook
Etimologi
The term "book of speech" emerged in the 1930s with government programs designed for blind readers, while the term "audiobook" began to be used during the 1970s when audio cassettes began to replace records. In 1994, the Audio Publishers Association assigned the term "audiobook" as an industry standard.
Maps Audiobook
History
The first spoken word recording became possible with the discovery of the phonograph by Thomas Edison in 1877. "Phonographic books" is one of the original applications envisioned by Edison who will "speak to the blind with no effort on their part." The initial words spoken in the phonograph are Edison's recital of "Mary Had a Little Lamb", the first example of the recorded verse. In 1878, a demonstration at the Royal Institution in England included "Hey Diddle Diddle, Cat and the Fiddle" and a series of Tennyson poems that were built from the beginning of his technology relating to oral literature.
United States
Starting up to 1970
Many recorded short spoken words were sold on cylinders in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but round cylinders were limited to about 4 minutes each making the book impractical; the flat dish increases to 12 minutes but it is also not practical to work longer. "An early listener complained that he would need a wheelbarrow to carry a recorded textbook on a disk with limited storage capacity." In the 1930s, close-groved recordings increased to 20 minutes to allow for longer narratives.
In 1931, the American Foundation for the Blind (AFB) and Library of Congress Books for the Adult Blind Project established the "Talking Books Program", which was intended to provide reading materials for injured veterans during World War I and adults the other blind. The first test footage in 1932 included chapters from Helen Keller Midstream and Edgar Allan Poe "The Raven". The organization receives congressional approval for the release of copyright and free post distribution of the talking books. The first recordings made for the Talking Books Program in 1934 included passages from the Bible; Declaration of Independence and other patriotic documents; drama and sonnets by Shakespeare; and fiction by Gladys Hasty Carroll, E. M. Delafield, Cora Jarrett, Rudyard Kipling, John Masefield, and P. G. Wodehouse.
Recording for Blind & amp; Dyslexic (RFBD, later renamed Learning Ally) was founded in 1948 by Anne T. Macdonald, a member of the New York Women's Ladies Assistant, in response to the questioning of soldiers who had lost sight of them in combat during World War II. The new passed GI Bill of Rights guarantees college education to all veterans, but the text is mostly inaccessible to newly blinded veterans who do not read Braille and have little access to live readers. Macdonald mobilized women from the auxiliaries under the motto "Education is a right, not a privilege". Auxiliary members transformed the attic from the New York Public Library into a studio, recording a textbook using a phonograph of the latest six-inch SoundScriber sound that plays about 12 minutes of material per side. In 1952, Macdonald set up a recording studio in seven additional cities across the United States.
Caedmon Records is a pioneer in the audiobook business, it is the first company dedicated to selling oral work recordings to the public and has been called the "seed" of the audiobook industry. Caedmon was formed in New York in 1952 by college graduates Barbara Holdridge and Marianne Roney. Their first release was a collection of poems by Dylan Thomas read by the author. The B-side LP contains A Child's Christmas in Wales added in addition - the story is vague and Thomas himself can not remember the title when asked what to use to fill the B-sides - but the recording then becomes one of his most beloved works, and launched Caedmon into a successful company. The original recording of 1952 was a selection for the United States National Record Registry 2008, which states "credited with launching the audiobook industry in the United States". Caedmon used a record, discovered in 1948, which made longer recordings more affordable and practical, but most of their work was poetry, drama, and other short work, not unstructured books due to LP limitation about 45 minutes of time play (combined side).
Listening to the Library is also a pioneering company, it was one of the first to distribute children's audiobooks to schools, libraries and other specialty markets, including VA hospitals. The company was founded by Anthony Ditlow and his wife in 1955 at Red Bank, a New Jersey home; Ditlow is partially blind. Another early pioneering company was Spoken Arts, founded in 1956 by Arthur Luce Klein and his wife, they produced over 700 records and was best known for poetry and drama recordings used in schools and libraries. Like Caedemon, Listening to Libraries and Oral Art benefited from LP's new technology, but also increased government funding for schools and libraries that began in the 1950s and 60s.
1970 to 1996
Although oral recordings were very popular in 33 1/3 vinyl tape formats for schools and libraries until the early 1970s, the beginning of the modern retail market for audiobooks could be traced to the widespread application of tapes during the 1970s. Cassette tapes were invented in 1963 and several libraries, such as the Library of Congress, began distributing books on cassettes in 1969. However, during the 1970s, a number of technological innovations enabled the use of wider cassette tapes in libraries and also produced creations. new commercial audiobook market. This innovation includes the introduction of small and cheap portable players such as the Walkman, and the widespread use of car cassette decks, especially Japanese import models that flooded the market during the dual energy crisis of the decade.
In the early 1970s, instructional recording was among the first commercial products sold on tapes. There are eight companies distributing material on cassettes with titles like Enterprise and Sales (12 tapes, $ 300) and Executive Voice Seminars on a 60-minute cassette series. In the library, most of the books on cassettes are still made for the blind and disabled, but some new companies see the opportunity to create audiobooks for a wider audience, such as Voice Over Books that produce best-selling sellers with professional actors. Early pioneers include Olympic gold medalist Duvall Hecht who in 1975 set up California-Based Books on Tape as a direct mail ordering service to consumers for an unattended audio book and expanded their services that sell their products to libraries and audiobooks that gained popularity with commuters and travelers. In 1978, Henry Trentman, a traveling salesman who listened to sales tapes while driving long distances, had the idea of ​​creating an unmatched recording of the classic literature read by professional actors. His company, Recorded Books based in Maryland, follows the Books on Tape model but with high quality studio recordings and actor. Recording Books and Chivers Audio Books are the first to develop an integrated production team and work with professional actors.
In 1984, there were eleven audiobook publishing companies, they included Caedmon, Metacom, Newman Communications, Recorded Books, Brilliance and Books on Tape. Small companies, the largest have catalogs of 200 titles. Some abbreviated titles are being sold in bookstores, such as Walden Books, but have negligible sales figures, many sold by mail subscriptions or through libraries. However, in 1984, Brilliance Audio invented the technique to record twice as much on the same tape making it possible for affordable unreached editions. The involved technique records on each of the two channels of each stereo path. It opened the market for new opportunities and in September 1985, Publisher Weekly identified twenty-one publisher audiobooks. These include major new publishers such as Harper and Row, Random House, and Warner Communications.
1986 has been identified as a turning point in the industry, when it matures from experimental curiosity. A number of events occurred: The Audio Publishing Association, a professional nonprofit trade association, was founded by publishers who joined together to raise awareness of the spoken word's audio and provide industry statistics. Time-Life started offering member audiobooks. The Book-of-the-Month club began offering audiobooks to its members, as did the Literary Literature. Other clubs such as Historical Book Club, Rich Club, Nostalgic Book Club, Skolastic Club for kids all began to offer audio books. Publishers began releasing religious titles and inspirations in Christian bookstores. In May 1987, Weekly Publishers started regular columns to cover the industry. By the end of 1987, the audiobook market was estimated to be a $ 200 million market, and audiobooks on tapes were sold in 75% of regional and independent bookstores surveyed by Weekly Publishers . In August 1988 there were forty audio book publishers, about four times more than in 1984.
In the mid-1990s, the audio publishing business grew up to 1.5 billion dollars per year in retail value. In 1996, the Association of Audio Publishers established the Audie Awards for audiobooks, which is equivalent to an Oscar for the audiobook industry. The nominees are announced every year in February. The winners were announced at a gala dinner in May, usually simultaneously with BookExpo America.
1996 to present
With the advent of the Internet, broadband technology, new compressed audio formats and portable media players, the popularity of audiobooks has increased significantly during the late 1990s and 2000s. In 1997, Audible.com spearheaded the world's first mass-mass digital mass media player, named "The Audible Player", which sold for $ 200, had 2 hours of audio and was touted as "smaller and lighter than the Walkman" a popular cassette player was used at the time. Digital audio books are a significant new milestone as they allow listeners to be free of physical media such as cassettes and CD-ROMs that require postal transport, allowing instant access to downloads from an unlimited number of online libraries, and portability using relatively small and lightweight devices. Audible.com was the first to create a website, in 1998, from which digital audiobooks can be purchased.
Another innovation was the creation of LibriVox in 2005 by Montreal-based writer Hugh McGuire who asked a question on his blog: "Can the net utilize a group of volunteers to help bring books in the public domain to life through podcasting?" So start creating a public domain audiobook by volunteer narrators. By the end of 2017, LibriVox has a catalog of over 12,000 works and generates about 1,000 per year.
The transition from vinyl, to cassette, to CD, to MP3CD, to digital downloads has been documented by the Audio Publishers Association in the annual survey (the previous transition from note to tape explained in sections in the 1970s). The last year that the tapes represented more than 50% of total market sales was 2002. The tape was replaced by CD as the dominant medium during 2003-2004. CD reached a peak of 78% of sales in 2008, then began to decline for digital downloads. The 2012 survey found CDs accounted for "almost half" of all sales meaning that it was no longer the dominating medium (WHAT did not report digital downloads for 2012, but in 2011 CDs were 53% and digital downloads were 41%). APA estimates that sales of audiobooks in 2015 in digital format increased 34% compared to 2014.
The rise of audio storytellers is broadly associated with advances in mobile technology such as smartphones, tablets, and multimedia entertainment systems in cars, also known as connected car platforms. Audio drama recording is also now a podcast over the internet.
In 2014, Bob & amp; Debra Deyan from Deyan Audio opens the Deyan Institute of Vocal Artistry and Technology, the world's first campus and school to teach audiobook art and production technology.
By 2018, about 50,000 audio books are recorded in the United States with sales growth of 20 percent year on year.
German
Evolution and use of audiobooks in Germany are parallel to those in the US. A specific example of its use is the West German Audio Book Library for the Blind, founded in 1955. Actors from the city theater in MÃÆ'¼nster recorded the first audio book for visually impaired people in an improvised studio lined with egg cartons. Because the tram rocks the past, this first production takes place at night. Later, the texts were recorded by a trained speaker in a professional studio and distributed to users by mail. Until the 1970s recording was on tape rolls, then tapes. Since 2004, the offer has been recorded in the DAISY Digital Talking Book MP3 standard, which provides additional features for visually impaired users to listen and navigate written material in aurally.
India
Audiobooks in India began to emerge a little later compared to the rest of the world. Only in 2010 Audiobooks gained popularity in the Indian market. This is mainly due to the lack of previous organized effort on the part of publishers and authors. Audiobook's marketing and availability efforts have made India one of the fastest growing Audiobook markets in the world.
The lifestyle of the urban Indian population and one of the world's highest travel times has also helped make Audiobooks popular in the region. Business Books and Self Help have widespread appeal and are more popular than fiction/non-fiction. This is because Audiobooks are primarily seen as a path to self-improvement and education, not entertainment.
Audio books are being released in various Indian languages. In Malayalam, Ouija Board's first audio novel was released by Kathacafe in 2018.
Production
Producing an audiobook consists of a narrator sitting in the recording booth reading text, while a studio engineer and a director record and direct the show. If an error is made, the recording is stopped and the narrator reads it back. With the latest advances in recording technology, many audiobooks are also now being recorded in home studios by narrators working independently. Audiobooks produced by major publishers undergo the process of examination and editing after the narration is recorded.
The narrator is usually paid on specified working hours, meaning that if it takes 20 hours to generate a 5 hour book, the narrator is paid for 5 hours, thus providing an incentive not to make mistakes. Depending on the narrator they are paid US $ 150 per hour finished up to US $ 400 (in 2011). The overall cost of producing an audiobook can vary significantly, since longer books require more studio time and more famous narrators come at a premium price. According to a representative at Audible, the cost of recording audiobooks had fallen from about US $ 25,000 in the late 1990s to around US $ 2,000-US $ 3,000 by 2014.
Format
Audiobooks are distributed on every available audio format, but these are primarily recording, cassettes, CDs, MP3 CDs, downloadable digital formats (eg MP3 (.mp3), Windows Media Audio (.wma), Advanced Audio Coding (.aac )), and solid state preloaded digital devices where audio content is loaded and sold in conjunction with hardware.
In 1955, a German inventor introduced the Voice Book tape system based on the Tefifon format where non-magnetic sound tapes were recorded on the continuous loop of vinylite ribbons grooved similar to the old 8-track ribbon. Although the original Tefifon on which it runs runs at 19 CPS and can last a maximum of 4 hours, a Voice Book can store eight hours of recording when running at half speed or 9.5 CPS. However, just like Tefifon, the format has never been used extensively.
A small number of books are recorded for radio broadcasts, usually in short and sometimes serial formats, especially the National Public Radio Broadcasts Star Wars and some projects by the BBC. Audiobooks can appear as completely dramatized versions of printed books, sometimes calling on complete players, music, and sound effects. Effectively audio drama, this audiobook is known as a full cast audio book. Radio stations BBC Radio 3, Radio 4, and Radio 4 Extras have been broadcasting productions such as William Gibson's novel Neuromancer .
An first audio production is an oral audio work that is original but not book-based. Examples include Joe Hill, son of Stephen King, who released Vinyl's First audio book called Dark Carousel in 2018. The album comes in a 2-LP vinyl set, or as a downloadable MP3, but without being published text. Other examples include Spin, The Audiobook Musical (2018), a Rumpelstiltskin music rendition narrated by Jim Dale, and featuring a number of Broadway musical stars.
Use
Audiobooks have been used to teach children to read and improve reading comprehension. They are also useful for the blind. The National Library of Congress in the US and the CNIB Library in Canada provide a free audiobook library service for the visually impaired; the requested book is delivered (no cost) to the client. Founded in 1996, Assistive Media of Ann Arbor, Michigan is the first organization to produce and transmit recorded words from written journalism and literature through the Internet to serve people with visual impairments.
About 40 percent of all audiobook consumption takes place through public libraries, with the remainder being served primarily through retail bookstores. The library download program is currently experiencing rapid growth (over 5,000 public libraries offer free downloadable audio books). The library is also a popular place to check audio books in CD format. According to the National Endowment for the Arts study, "Risk Reading: The Literary Reading Survey of America" ​​(2004), listening audiobooks is one of very few "types" of reading that increase general literacy.
Listening to the exercise
Audiobook is considered a valuable tool because of its format. Unlike traditional books or video programs, one can listen to an audiobook while performing other tasks. Such tasks include washing clothes, exercising, weeding and similar tasks. The use of the most popular general audio books by adults is when away by car or while traveling by public transport, as an alternative to radio. Many people listen also just to relax or when they fall asleep.
A recent survey released by the Association of Audio Publishers found that the majority of audiobook users listened in the car, and more than two-thirds of audiobook buyers described audiobooks as a relaxed and good way to multitask. Another stated reason for choosing an audiobook over other formats is that audio performance makes some books more interesting.
Common practices include:
- Repeating : Depending on the level of attention and interest of a person, it is often necessary to listen to segments from an audio book more than once so that the material can be understood and maintained satisfactorily. Repeat play may take place immediately or after a long period of time.
- Learn : People may listen to audio books (usually unfiled ones) while following in the actual book. It helps them to learn words they may not learn correctly if they are just reading books. It can also be a very effective way to learn a new language.
- Multitasking : Many audiobook listeners choose the format because it allows multitasking during regular or routine tasks such as sports, crafts, or cooking.
- Entertainment : Audiobooks have become popular entertainment forms for families or commuters.
Charitable and nonprofit organizations
Established in 1948, Learning Ally serves over 300,000 K-12, college and postgraduate students, veterans and lifelong learners - all of whom can not read standard prints due to blindness, visual impairment, dyslexia, or other learning disabilities. Studying Ally's collection of over 80,000 textbooks and literary titles inherited by humans can be downloaded on major smartphones and tablets, and is the largest in the world.
Founded in 2002, Bookshare is an online library of computer-readable audio books in a format that is accessible to people with print disabilities.
Founded in 2005, LibriVox is also an online library of downloadable audiobooks and free nonprofit organizations developed by Hugh McGuire. It has an audiobook in several languages. Most of their languages ​​are usually Western European languages.
Caliber Audio Library is a UK charity that provides unsubscribe services from a complete audiobook for people with visual impairments, dyslexia or other defects, who can not read the print. They have a library of over 8,550 fiction and non-fiction titles that can be borrowed by post on MP3 CDs and memory sticks or via streaming.
Listening to Books is an audiobook charity in the UK that provides internet streaming and postal services to anyone with a disability or illness that makes it difficult to hold a book, turn pages, or read in the normal way. They have audio books for leisure and learning and a library of over 4,000 titles recorded in their own digital studio or commercial sourced.
The National National Institute of Blind People (RNIB) is a British charity offering library services Talking Books. Audio books are provided in DAISY format and sent to home readers by post. There are over 18,000 audio books available for borrowing, paid on an annual subscription. RNIB subsidizes Talking Books service of approximately  £ 4 million per year.
See also
- Media Help
- Festival of the National Audio Theater
- Pingshu
- Playaway
- Radio drama
- Text-to-speech
- Voice acting
References
External links
- Alexandra Alter (August 1, 2013). "New Explosion in Audio Book". Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 2, 2014 .
- "An example of audiobook collection". Librivox .
- Jeremy Olshan (December 8, 2015). "Why are some audiobooks sold four times as printed?" Marketwatch (WSJ) '. Retrieved December 8, 2015 .
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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