Bali (Balinese: ??? , Bahasa Indonesia: Bali Island , Bali Province ) is a islands and provinces of Indonesia with the largest Hindu population. This province covers the island of Bali and some smaller neighboring islands, especially Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. Located on the western tip of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with Java to the west and Lombok to the east. Its capital, Denpasar, is located in the southern part of the island.
With a population of 3,890,757 at the 2010 census, and 4,225,000 in January 2014, the island is home to the vast majority of Hindu minorities in Indonesia. According to the 2010 Census, 83.5% of Bali's population is Hindu Balinese, followed by 13.4% Muslim, Christian 2.5%, and Buddhist 0.5%.
Bali is a popular tourist destination, which has experienced significant improvements in tourists since the 1980s. Tourism-related businesses make up 80% of the economy. It is famous for its highly developed art, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking and music. International Film Festival Indonesia is held every year in Bali. In March 2017, TripAdvisor named Bali as the world's premier destination for the Traveler's Choice award.
Bali is part of the Coral Triangle, the region with the highest biodiversity of marine species. In this area alone, more than 500 species of coral reefs can be found. In comparison, this is about 7 times more than in the whole Caribbean. Recently, Bali hosted the 2011 ASEAN Summit, APEC 2013 and Miss World 2013. Bali is home to the Subak irrigation system, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also home to a united royal confederation consisting of 10 traditional Balinese royal houses, in which each house has a certain geographical area. The Confederation is the successor of the Kingdom of Bali. Royal houses were not recognized by the Indonesian government; However, they have been operating since their establishment before the Dutch colonization.
Video Bali
History
Ancient
Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesians who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and Oceania through the Southeast Asian Maritime. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, the Philippines and Oceania. Stone tools originating from this period have been found near the village of Cekik in the west of the island.
In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects exist, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Shiva Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora and Ganapatya. Each sect worships a particular deity as its personal Deity.
Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Balinese, with a different dialect, in which Buddhism and Sivaism are practiced simultaneously. The great grandson of Mpu Sindok, Mahendradatta (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the king of Bali Udayana Warmadewa (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, gave birth to Airlangga around 1001. This marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa ruled from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 to 1150. Jayapangus appeared on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204.
Balinese culture is strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and especially Hindu culture, starting around the 1st century. The name Bali dwipa ("Island of Bali") has been found from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD and mentions Walidwipa . It was then that people developed their complex irrigation system
The Hindu Majapahit Empire (1293-1520 AD) established the Balinese colony in 1343. Uncle of Hayam Wuruk was mentioned in a charter from 1384-86. The mass immigration of Java to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Kingdom fell in 1520. The Government of Bali then became an independent assemblage of the Hindu kingdom that caused the Balinese national identity and great increase in culture, art, and economics. Nations with various kingdoms became independent until 386 years until 1906, when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the indigenous population to control the economy and take over it.
Portuguese Contact
The first known European contacts known with Bali were estimated to be made in 1512, when the Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and Francisco SerrÃÆ'Â melihat o saw the north coast. This was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to Maluku, which throughout the 16th century usually traveled along the shores of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the Francisco Rodrigues chart, above the expedition. In 1585, a ship ran aground from Bukit Peninsula and left some Portuguese in the service of the Great God.
Dutch East Indies
In 1597, Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman arrived in Bali, and the Dutch East Indies Company was founded in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control throughout the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the nineteenth century (see Dutch East Indies). The Dutch political and economic control of Bali began in the 1840s on the north coast of the island, when the Dutch pitted various Balinese realms that competed with each other. In the late 1890s, the struggle between the Balinese kingdoms in the south of the island was exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.
In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace, traveled to Bali from Singapore, landing in Buleleng on the island's north coast. Wallace's journey to Bali is very important in helping him design his Wallace Line theory. The Wallace line is the boundary of the fauna that crosses the strait between Bali and Lombok. Boundaries exist between species. In his travel memoir The Malay Archipelago, Wallace writes his experience in Bali, which has strongly mentioned Bali's unique irrigation method:
I was both amazed and delighted; because when I visited Java a few years later, I had never seen such a beautiful district and cultivated outside Europe. A slightly wavy plain extends from the coast of the sea about ten or twelve miles (16 or 19 kilometers) inland, where is bounded by various forests and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, characterized by thick clumps of coconut trees, acids and other fruit trees, are scattered in every direction; while among them extending the luxury rice yard, watered by an elaborate irrigation system that will be the pride of the best parts of Europe being cultivated.
The Netherlands launched a major naval and land attack on the Sanur area in 1906 and was filled with thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who instead surrendered to superior Dutch forces committed suicide rituals to avoid contempt of submission self. Although the Dutch demanded to surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese committed suicide rather than surrender. In the Dutch intervention in Bali, a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of the Dutch attack in Klungkung. After that the Dutch governor exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. The Dutch government over Bali came later and was never established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and Maluku.
In the 1930s, anthropologists Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson, artists Miguel Covarrubias and Walter Spies, and music specialist Colin McPhee spent time here. Their account of the island and its people created the western image of Bali as "aesthetic land that is fascinated in peace with themselves and nature." Western tourists began to visit the island. The sensual image of Bali has been enhanced in the West by the 1932 quasi-pornographic documentary Virgins of Bali about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls whose movie narrator Deane Dickason recorded in the first scene "bathing their naked bodies without shame". According to the looser version of the Hays code that existed until 1934, nudity involving "civilized" women (ie whites) was forbidden, but allowed with "uncivilized" (ie all non-white women), gaps exploited by producers of > Virgin Bali . The film, which mostly consists of the topless Balinese women scene was a huge success in 1932, and almost alone made Bali a popular place for tourists.
The Japanese empire occupied Bali during World War II. Initially not a target in the Dutch East Indies Campaign, but because the airfield in Borneo did not work due to heavy rain, the Japanese Imperial Army decided to occupy Bali, which did not experience comparable weather. The island does not have an ordinary Dutch Royal Netherlands Indies Army (KNIL) army. There was only the Korp Auxiliary of Prajoda (Prajoda Corps) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942 Japanese troops landed near the town of Senoer [Senur]. The island was quickly captured.
During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, Gusti Ngurah Rai, formed the 'army of freedom' of Bali. The loudness of the Japanese occupation forces made them more hateful than the Dutch colonial rulers.
Independence from the Netherlands
In 1946, the Dutch established Bali as one of the 13 newly proclaimed Eastern Indonesian state administrative districts, a competing state for the Republic of Indonesia, proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali was included in the "Republic of the United States of Indonesia" when the Dutch recognized Indonesia's independence on December 29, 1949. The first governor of Bali, Anak Agung Bagus Suteja, was appointed by President Soekarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.
Contemporary
The eruption of Mount Agung 1963 killed thousands of people, created economic catastrophes and forced many Balinese who were moved to be transmigrated to other parts of Indonesia. Reflecting the widening of social divisions throughout Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw a conflict between supporters of the traditional caste system, and those who rejected this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) and the Indonesian Nationalist Party (PNI), with tensions and uneasy feelings being intensified by the PKI land reform programs. The coup attempt in Jakarta was carried out by troops led by General Suharto.
The army became a dominant force when it instigated an anti-communist purge, in which the army blamed the PKI for a coup d'etat. Most estimates indicate that at least 500,000 people are killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 people dead in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population. Without the Islamic forces involved like in Java and Sumatra, the top PNI caste lords led the destruction of PKI members.
As a result of the 1965-66 upheaval, Soeharto was able to maneuver Sukarno out of the presidency. His "New Order" government established relations with western countries. Pre-War Bali as a "paradise" is revived in its modern form. The huge growth generated in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese living standards and significant foreign exchange earned for the country. A 2002 bombing by Islamist militants in a tourist area of ​​Kuta killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and others in 2005, greatly reduced tourism, generated much economic hardship to the island.
Maps Bali
Geography
The island of Bali lies 3.2 km (2 mi) east of Java, and roughly 8 degrees south of the equator. Bali and Java are separated by the Bali Strait. East to west, the island is about 153Ã, km (95Ã, mi) wide and stretches about 112Ã, km (70Ã, mi) north to south; administratively covering 5,780 km 2 (2,230m² mi), or 5,577 km 2 (2,153 mÃ,²) without Nusa Penida District; its population density is about 750 people/km 2 (1,900 people/sqÃ, mi).
Bali's central mountains include several peaks of more than 2,000 meters (6,600 feet) in elevation and active volcanoes such as Mount Batur. The highest is Mount Agung (3,031 m, 9,944 ft), known as the "mother mountain", which is an active volcano that is rated as one of the most likely sites in the world for massive eruptions within the next 100 years. Until the end of 2017 Gunung Agung has started to erupt and a large number of people have been evacuated, airports in Bali have been shut down. The extent of the eruption is in November 2017 impossible to predict. Mountains range from center to east side, with Mount Agung the easternmost peak. Bali's volcanic nature has contributed to its exceptional fertility and its high mountains provide high rainfall that supports highly productive agricultural sectors. In the south the mountains are vast and declining areas where most of the major rice crops in Bali grow. The north side of the mountains is steeper to the sea and is the main coffee producing area on the island, along with rice, vegetables and livestock. The longest river, the Ayung River, flows about 75 km (47 mi) (see List of the Bali river).
The island is surrounded by coral reefs. Beaches in the south tend to have white sand while those in the north and west have black sand. Bali has no major waterways, although the Ho River can be navigated by small boats boats . Black sand beaches between Pasut and Klatingdukuh are being developed for tourism, but apart from the seaside temple of Tanah Lot, they have not been used for significant tourism.
The largest city is the provincial capital, Denpasar, near the south coast. Its population is around 491,500 (2002). The second largest city in Bali is the old colonial capital, Singaraja, located on the north coast and is home to about 100,000 people. Other important cities include the beach resort, Kuta, which is practically part of the urban area of ​​Denpasar, and Ubud, located north of Denpasar, is the island's cultural center.
The three small islands lie to the southeast and all are administratively part of Klungkung Bali: Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan. These islands are separated from Bali by the Badung Strait.
To the east, the Lombok Strait separates Bali from Lombok and marks the biogeographic division between the fauna of the Indomalaya ecozone and the different Australasian fauna. This transition is known as the Wallace Line, named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who first proposed a transition zone between these two major biomes. As sea levels decline during the Pleistocene ice age, Bali connects to Java and Sumatra and to mainland Asia and shares Asian fauna, but the water in the Lombok Strait continues to keep the island of Lombok and the Lesser Sunda Islands isolated.
Climate
Being just 8 degrees south of the equator, Bali has a fairly uniform climate throughout the year. The average year-round temperature stands at around 30 ° C with a humidity level of approximately 85%.
The daytime temperatures at low elevations vary between 20-33 ° C (68-91 ° F), but the temperature decreases significantly with elevation elevation.
The west monsoon lasts from about October to April, and this can bring significant rainfall, especially from December to March. During the rainy season there are fewer tourists seen in Bali. During the Easter and Christmas holidays the weather is very unpredictable. Outside of the rainy season, the humidity is relatively low and rain is not possible in lowland areas.
Ecology
Bali is located just west of the Wallace Line, and thus has an Asian fauna, with a bit of Australasian influence, and has more in common with Java than Lombok. Exceptions are yellow crested cockatoos, family members especially Australasia. There are about 280 species of birds, including the critically endangered myna Bali, which is endemic. Others include swallow balustrades, black orchids, black-tailed treepies, crested eagle, big trees, dollar birds, javan gardens, lower auxiliaries, long tailed tails, cranes, Pacific birds, red swallows, kingfisher birds , sea eagles, woodswallow, savanna nightjar, cow kingfisher, yellow nightingale, and big herons.
Until the early 20th century, Bali was home to several large mammals: wild bulls, leopards and endemic Balinese tigers. Bulls still occur in their domestic form, whereas leopards are found only in neighboring Java, and the Bali tiger is extinct. The last definite note about the tiger in Bali dates from 1937, when one was shot, though subspecies may have survived until the 1940s or 1950s.
Squirrels quite often encountered, more rarely are Asian coconut civet, which is also stored in coffee plantations to produce Kopi Luwak. Bats are well represented, perhaps the most famous place for those remaining is Goa Lawah (Bat Temple) where they are worshiped by the locals and also a tourist attraction. They also occur in other cave temples, for example at Ganges Beach. Two species of monkeys occur. Crab-eating apes, known locally as "monkeys", are very common around human settlements and temples, where it becomes accustomed to being fed by humans, especially in one of three monkey "monkey" temples, as it is popular in the Ubud area. They are also quite often kept as pets by the locals. The second monkey, which is endemic to Java and some surrounding islands such as Bali, is much rarer and more elusive and is a Javan langur, known as "langurs". They occur in several separate places from the West Bali National Park. They were born in orange, although in the first year they have turned into a more black color. But in Java, there is a tendency more for this species to maintain the color of young orange to adulthood, and a mixture of black and orange monkeys can be seen together as a family. Other rare mammals include leopard cat, Sunda pangolin and a giant black squirrel.
Snakes include king cobra and reticulated python. The water monitor can grow at least 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and 50 kg (110 lb) and can move quickly.
The rich coral reefs around the coast, especially around popular dive sites such as Tulamben, Amed, Menjangan or neighboring Nusa Penida, have a variety of marine life, such as hawksbill, giant mola, giant manta rays, giant moray eels, cork heads parrotfish, hammerhead sharks, reef sharks, barracudas, and sea serpents. Dolphins are usually found on the north coast near Singaraja and Lovina.
A team of scientists conducted a survey from April 29, 2011 to May 11, 2011 in 33 locations of seas around Bali. They found 952 species of reef fish in which 8 new discoveries in Pemuteran, Gilimanuk, Nusa Dua, Tulamben and Candidasa, and 393 species of coral, including two new species in Padangbai and between Padangbai and Amed. The average closure rate of healthy corals is 36% (better than in Raja Ampat and Halmahera by 29% or in Fakfak and Kaimana at 25%) with the highest coverage found in Gili Selang and Gili Mimpang in Candidasa, Karangasem regency.
Among the bigger trees the most common are: banyan tree, jackfruit, coconut, bamboo species, acacia trees and also an endless line of coconut and banana. Many flowers can be seen: hibiscus, frangipani, bougainvillea, poinsettia, oleander, jasmine, water lily, lotus, rose, begonias, orchids and hydrangeas exist. On higher grounds that receive more moisture, for example around Kintamani, certain species of ferns, mushrooms and even pine trees thrive. Rice comes in many variations. Other crops with agricultural value include: salak, mangosteen, corn, orange kintamani, coffee and water spinach.
Environment
Some of the worst erosion occurs on the Beach More, where up to seven meters (23 feet) of land is lost every year. Decades ago, this beach was used for sacred pilgrimage with more than 10,000 people, but they have now moved to Masceti Beach.
From the third rank in the previous review, in 2010 Bali scored 99.65 indices of environmental quality of Indonesia and the highest of all 33 provinces. Scores measured three parameters of water quality: total level of suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Due to over-exploitation by the tourism industry covering a very large area of ​​land, 200 of the island's 400 rivers have dried up and based on research, southern Bali will face water shortage of up to 2,500 liters of clean water per second by 2015. To alleviate this shortage, the central government plans to build a water storage and treatment facility at Petanu River in Gianyar. Water capacity of 300 liters per second will be channeled to Denpasar, Badung and Gianyar in 2013.
Plastic pollution
Last year Bali received nearly 5.7 million tourists, according to local authorities. By the end of 2017 officials have declared a "sewage emergency" in response to the closure of a 3.6-mile stretch of coastline in plastic waste carried by waves, amid fears that pollution could deter visitors from returning.
Indonesia is one of the worst plastic polluters in the world, with some estimates showing that the 260 million islands, an area of ​​3,000 miles, 17,000 islands are the source of about 10 percent of the world's plastic. waste. The capital of Indonesia Jakarta has several large garbage dumps and it is common to see plastic plates floating in several city waterways.
Administrative division
The province is divided into eight districts and one city. This is:
Economy
In the 1970s, Bali's economy was largely agriculture-based both in terms of output and employment. Tourism is now the largest single industry in terms of income, and as a result, Bali is one of the richest regions in Indonesia. In 2003, about 80% of Bali's economy was linked to tourism. By the end of June 2011, non-performing loans from all banks in Bali were 2.23%, lower than the average of the Indonesian banking industry's non-performing loans (about 5%). The economy, however, suffered significantly as a result of the Islamist terrorist attacks of 2002 and 2005. The tourism industry has recovered from this event.
Agriculture
Although tourism generates the largest output of GDP, agriculture is still the largest company on the island. Fisheries also provide a large number of jobs. Bali is also famous for its craftsmen who produce a wide range of handicrafts, including batik and ikat and clothing, woodcarving, stone carvings, painting and silver. In particular, each village usually adopts a product, such as wind chimes or wooden furnishings.
The arabica coffee production area is the highlands of Kintamani near Mount Batur. Bali coffee is generally processed using the wet method. It produces sweet and soft coffee with good consistency. Typical flavors include lemons and other citrus notes. Many coffee farmers in Kintamani are members of a traditional farming system called Subak Abian, based on the Hindu philosophy of "Tri Hita Karana". According to this philosophy, the three causes of happiness are good relationships with God, others, and the environment. Subak Abian System is ideal for fair trade production and organic coffee production. Arabica Coffee from Kintamani is the first product in Indonesia that requested geographical indication.
Tourism
In 1963, Bali Beach Hotel in Sanur was built by Sukarno, and increased tourism in Bali. Before that, there were only three hotels on the island. Construction of hotels and restaurants began to spread throughout Bali. Tourism increased in Bali after Ngurah Rai International Airport opened in 1970. Buleleng district government encourages the tourism sector as one of the mainstays for economic progress and social welfare.
The tourism industry is mainly focused in the south, while significant in other parts of the island as well. The main tourist locations are the city of Kuta (with its beaches), and the outer suburbs of Legian and Seminyak (formerly an independent city), the east coast town of Sanur (the only tourist center), Ubud towards the center of the island, south of Ngurah Rai International Airport, Jimbaran , and new developments Nusa Dua and Pecatu.
The United States Government lifted its travel warning in 2008. The Australian government issued an adviser on Friday, May 4, 2012, with the overall level of this advisor being downgraded to 'Exercising with high vigilance'. The Swedish government issued a new warning on Sunday, June 10, 2012 because of a tourist who died of methanol poisoning. Australia last issued an adviser on Monday, January 5, 2015 due to a new terrorist threat.
A branch of tourism is a growing real estate industry. Real estate Bali has grown rapidly in the major tourist areas of Kuta, Legian, Seminyak and Oberoi. Recently, an upscale 5-star project is under development on the Bukit peninsula, on the south side of the island. The multimillion-dollar villas are being developed along the cliffs of southern Bali, with panoramic sea views. Foreign and domestic investment (many individuals and companies in Jakarta are quite active) to other parts of the island are also growing. Land prices, despite the worldwide economic crisis, remain stable.
In the last half of 2008, the Indonesian currency fell by about 30% against the US dollar, giving many foreign visitors a value for their currency. Visitor arrivals for 2009 are expected to fall by 8% (which will be higher than 2007 levels), mainly because of the worldwide economic crisis that also affected the global tourism industry.
Bali's tourism economy survived the Islamist terrorist bombings of 2002 and 2005, and the tourism industry has in fact slowly recovered and surpassed the level of its pre-terrorist bombings; long-term trends have become a steady increase of visitor arrivals. In 2010, Bali received 2.57 million foreign tourists, which exceeded the target of 2.0-2.3 million tourists. The average occupancy of a star hotel reaches 65%, so the island should still be able to accommodate tourists for several years without the addition of new rooms/hotels, although in the busy season some of them are fully booked.
Bali received the Best Island Award from Travel and Leisure in 2010. Bali won because of its exciting environment (both mountains and coastal areas), diverse sights, excellent international and local restaurants, and friendly local community. Balinese culture and religion is also considered as the main factor of appreciation. One of the most prestigious events that symbolizes the strong relationship between god and his followers is Kecak Dance. According to BBC Travel released in 2011, Bali is one of the World's Best Islands, ranking second only to Santorini, Greece.
In August 2010, the movie Eat Pray Love was released in theaters. The film is based on Elizabeth Gilbert's best-selling memoir Eat, Pray, Love . It happened in Ubud and Padang-Padang Beach in Bali. Book of 2006, which spent 57 weeks in No. 1 on the paperback nonfiction bestseller list New York Times , has sparked an explosion in Eat, Pray, Love
In January 2016, after the music icon David Bowie died, it was revealed that in his will, Bowie asked his ashes scattered in Bali, in accordance with Buddhist rituals. He has visited and performed in several Southeast Asian cities early in his career, including Bangkok and Singapore.
Since 2011, China has replaced Japan as the second largest tourist supplier to Bali, while Australia still tops the list. Chinese tourists rose 17% from a year ago due to the impact of ACFTA and new direct flights to Bali. In January 2012, Chinese tourists from year to year (yoy) increased by 222.18% compared to January 2011, while Japanese tourists decreased by 23.54% yoy.
Bali reported that it welcomes 2.88 million foreign tourists and 5 million domestic tourists in 2012, slightly exceeding expectations of 2.8 million foreign tourists.
Based on Bank Indonesia's survey in May 2013, 34.39 percent of travelers are middle-upper class, spending between $ 1,286 to $ 5,592, and is dominated by Australia, France, China, Germany and the United States. Some Chinese tourists have increased their spending levels from previous years. 30.26 percent of tourists are middle class, spending between $ 662 to $ 1,285. In 2017 expected Chinese tourists will surpass Australian tourists as the most visited in Bali.
Transportation
Ngurah Rai International Airport is located near Jimbaran, on the isthmus in the southern part of the island. Lt.Col. Wisnu Airfield is found in north-western Bali.
The coastal roads surround the island, and three large arteries of two lanes cross the central mountains with a height of 1,750 m (at Penelokan). Bypass Ngurah Rai is a four-lane road that partially surrounds Denpasar. Bali does not have a railway line.
In December 2010, the Government of Indonesia invited investors to build a new Tanah Ampo Cruise Terminal in Karangasem, Bali with a projected value of $ 30 million. On July 17, 2011 the first yacht (Sun Princess) docked about 400 meters (1,300 feet) from the port of Tanah Ampo port. The pier is currently only 154 meters (505 ft) but will eventually be extended to 300 to 350 meters (980-1,150 ft) to accommodate international cruises. The harbor here is safer than the existing facilities at Benoa and has a beautiful backdrop of the eastern Bali mountains and green paddy fields. The auction for improvement is subject to delays, and as of July 2013 the situation remains unclear with the cruise line operators complaining and even refusing to use existing facilities in Tanah Ampo.
The Memorandum of Understanding has been signed by two ministers, the Bali Governor and the Indonesian Railway Company to build 565 kilometers (351 miles) of trains along the coast around the island. As of July 2015, no details of the proposed railroad have been released.
On March 16, 2011 (Tanjung), Benoa port received the "Best Port Welcome 2010" award from "Dream World Cruise Destination" in London. The government plans to expand the role of Benoa port as an export-import port to boost trade and the industrial sector of Bali. The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy has confirmed that 306 yachts are heading for Indonesia by 2013 - an increase of 43 percent over the previous year.
In May 2011, the integrated Air Traffic Control System (ATCS) was implemented to reduce traffic congestion at four intersection points: Ngurah Rai statue, Dewa Ruci Kuta crossing, Jimbaran crossing and Sanur crossing. ATCS is an integrated system that connects all traffic lights, CCTV and other traffic signals with the monitoring office at the police station. This has been successfully implemented in other ASEAN countries and will be implemented at other crossings in Bali.
On December 21, 2011 the construction started on the Nusa Dua-Benoa-Ngurah Rai International Airport toll road which will also provide a special lane for motorcycles. This has been done by seven state-owned companies led by PT Jasa Marga with 60% shares. PT Jasa Marga Bali Tol will build a 9.91 kilometer (6.16 mile) toll road (a total of 12.7 kilometers (7.89 miles) with access road). The construction is estimated to cost Rp.2.49 trillion ($ 273.9 million). The project passes 2 kilometers (1 mile) from the mangrove forest and through 2.3 kilometers (1.4 miles) from the coast, both within 5.4 hectares (13 hectares) area. The elevated toll road is built on a mangrove forest above 18,000 concrete pillars that occupy 2 hectares of mangrove forest. This is compensated by planting 300,000 mangrove trees along the way. On December 21, 2011 Dewa Ruci underpass 450 meters (1,480 ft) has also started at the busy intersection of Dewa Ruci near Bali Kuta Galeria with an estimated cost of Rp136 billion ($ 14.9 million) from the state budget. On 23 September 2013, Bali Mandara Toll Road opened, with Simpang Siung Dewa Rudi (Simpang Siur) opened earlier.
To overcome the chronic traffic problem, the province will also build a toll road connecting Serangan with Tohpati, a highway connecting Kuta, Denpasar and Tohpati and the flyover connecting Kuta and Ngurah Rai Airport.
Demographics
The population of Bali is 3,890,757 in the 2010 Census; the latest forecast (for January 2014) is 4,225,384. There are about 30,000 expatriates living in Bali.
Ethnic origins
A DNA study in 2005 by Karafet et al. found that 12% of the Y chromosomes of Balinese people probably originated in India, while 84% were probably Austronesian, and 2% were probably Melanesian. This study does not relate DNA samples to Balinese caste systems.
Caste System
Pre-modern Bali has four castes, such as Jeff Lewis and Belinda Lewis, but with a "strong tradition of communal decision-making and interdependence". The four castes have been classified as Soedra (Shudra), Wesia (Waisyas), Satrias (Ksatria) and Brahmana (Brahmana).
Nineteenth-century scholars like Crawfurd and Friederich suggest that Balinese caste comes from India, but Helen Creese states that scholars like Brumund who had visited and lived on the island of Bali suggested that his field observations contradict the "accepted understanding of Indian origin." In Bali, Shudra (locally spelled Soedra ) is usually a temple priest, although depending on demography, a temple priest may also belong to three other castes. In most areas, it has been Shudra who usually gives offerings to the gods on behalf of Hindu worshipers, chants, reads Veda, and arranges the festival of the Balinese temple.
Religion
Unlike most of the Muslim majority in Indonesia, about 83.5% of Bali's population is Balinese Hindus, formed as a combination of existing local beliefs and Hindu influences from mainland Southeast Asia and South Asia. Minority religions include Islam (13.37%), Christianity (2.47%), and Buddhism (0.5%).
The common beliefs and practices of Hindu Dharma are a mixture of ancient traditions and contemporary pressures placed by Indonesian law allowing only monotheistic beliefs under the national ideology of the five precepts. Traditionally, Hinduism in Indonesia has ranks of deities and that the tradition of belief continues in practice; Furthermore, Hinduism in Indonesia gives freedom and flexibility to Hindus when, how and where to pray. However, officially, the Indonesian government considers and advertises Hinduism Indonesia as a monotheistic religion with certain officially recognized beliefs that fit its national ideology. Indonesian school textbooks describe Hinduism as having one of the highest creatures, Hinduism offers three obligatory daily prayers, and Hinduism has certain common beliefs partially paralleled with Islam. Scholars championed whether the beliefs recognized and given by the Indonesian government reflected traditional beliefs and practices of Hindus in Indonesia before Indonesia gained independence from the Dutch colonial government.
Balinese Hinduism has its roots in Indian Hinduism and Buddhism, which come through Java. The Hindu influence reached the archipelago early in the first century. The historical evidence is not clear about the diffusion process of cultural and spiritual ideas from India. The Javanese legend refers to the Saka era, traced to 78 AD. The stories of the Epic Mahabharata have been traced on the islands of Indonesia until the 1st century; However, the mirror version is found in the southeastern Indian peninsula (now Tamil Nadu and south of Karnataka Andhra Pradesh).
The Balinese tradition adopted a pre-existing animistic tradition of indigenous peoples. This influence reinforces the belief that gods and goddesses are present in everything. Every element of nature, therefore, has its own power, reflecting the power of the gods. Stones, trees, daggers, or woven fabrics are potential homes for spirits whose energies can be directed to good or evil. Balinese Hinduism is deeply interwoven with art and ritual. Ritualising the state of self-control is an important feature of religious expressions among people, who for this reason have become famous for their graceful and polite behavior.
In addition to the majority of Balinese Hindus, there are also Chinese immigrants whose traditions have merged with the local population. As a result, these Chinese not only embraced their original religion, which was a mixture of Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, and Confucianism, but also found ways to harmonize it with local traditions. Therefore, it is not uncommon to find local Sino-Bali during the local temple odalan . In addition, Balinese Hindu priests were invited to perform a ritual with a Chinese priest in the event of a Sino-Balinese death. Nevertheless, Sino-Bali claims to embrace Buddhism for administrative purposes, such as their Identity Cards.
Language
Balinese and Indonesian are the most widely spoken languages ​​in Bali, and most Balinese are bilingual or trilingual. The most common spoken language around the tourist area is Indonesian, as many people in the tourism sector are not solely Balinese, but migrants from Java, Lombok, Sumatra, and other parts of Indonesia. There are some native Balinese languages, but most Balinese can also use the most widely used option: modern, modern Bali. The use of different Balinese languages ​​is traditionally determined by the Balinese caste system and by clan membership, but this tradition is diminishing. Kawi and Sanskrit are also commonly used by some Hindu priests in Bali, since Hindu literature is mostly written in Sanskrit.
English and Chinese are the most common languages ​​(and major foreign languages) of many Balinese, due to the requirements of the tourism industry, as well as the English-speaking communities and the enormous Chinese-Indonesian population. Other foreign languages, such as Japanese, Korean, French, Russian or German are often used in multilingual signs for foreign tourists.
Culture
Bali is famous for its diverse and sophisticated art form, such as paintings, sculptures, woodcarvings, handicrafts, and performing arts. Balinese cuisine is also distinctive. Balinese percussion orchestra music, known as gamelan , is highly developed and diverse. Balinese performing arts often depict stories of Hindu epics such as the Ramayana but with heavy Balinese influences. The famous Balinese dances include pendet , legong , row , mask , barong , gong keybar , and kecak (monkey dance). Bali boasts one of the world's most diverse and innovative performing arts cultures, with pay performances at thousands of temple festivals, private ceremonies, or public performances.
Festivals
Throughout the year, there are a number of festivals that are celebrated locally or throughout the island according to the traditional calendar.
The Hindu New Year, Nyepi , is celebrated in spring with a quiet day. On this day everybody lives at home and tourists are encouraged (or needed) to stay at their hotel. On the day before the New Year, large and colorful monsters of monsters of the great and colorful monsters were paraded and finally burned at night to ward off evil spirits. Other festivals throughout the year are determined by Bali's pawukon dating system.
Celebrations are held for many occasions such as dating archives (ritual coming-of-age), cremation or odalan (temple festivals). One of the most important concepts of Balinese ceremonies is that dÃÆ'  © sa kala patra , which refers to how the ritual performances should fit well in a specific and general social context. Many forms of ceremonial art such as leather puppets and mask are improvising, allowing players to adjust their performance to the current situation. Many festivities call for a loud, boisterous atmosphere with many activities and aesthetics produced, ramÃÆ' ©, , is typical of Bali. Often two or more gamelan ensembles will perform well within earshot, and sometimes compete with each other to be heard. Likewise, audiences speak among themselves, get up and take a walk, or even cheer on the show, which adds a lot of layers of activity and the liveliness of ramà ©  © .
Kaja and kelod are Balinese equivalent of North and South, which refers to the people orientation between the largest mountain on the island of Gunung Agung ( kaja ), and the sea ( kelod ). In addition to spatial orientation, kaja and kelod have good and malicious connotations; gods and ancestors are believed to live on the mountain while the devil lives in the sea. Buildings such as temples and houses are spatially oriented by having the most sacred space closest to the mountain and the dirtiest places nearest to the sea.
Most temples have inner pages and outer pages arranged with pages within the farthest kaja . These places serve as a venue because most of Bali's rituals are accompanied by a combination of music, dance and drama. The performances that take place in the inner pages are classified as guardians , the most sacred ritual which is a special offering to the gods, while the outer courtyard is where the ceremony bebali is held, devoted to gods and humans. Finally, the show is meant solely for human entertainment taking place outside the temple wall and is called bali-balihan . This three-tier classification system was standardized in 1971 by Balinese officials and committees committees to better protect the sanctity of the oldest and most sacred Balinese rituals from being performed for paying audiences.
Tourism, Bali's main industry, has provided the island with foreign audiences looking to pay for entertainment, thus creating new performance opportunities and more demand for players. The impact of controversial tourism since before it became integrated into the economy, Balinese performing art did not exist as a capitalist venture, and was not done for entertainment outside of their respective ritual contexts. Since the 1930s sacred rituals such as barong dance have been performed both in their original context, as well as exclusively for paying tourists. This has led to a new version of many performances that have been developed according to the preferences of foreign audiences; some villages have special barong masks for non-ritual performances as well as older masks that are only used for sacred performances.
The Balinese continue to revolve around the ancestral villages of each family, where life and religion cycles are closely related. Coercive aspects of traditional societies, such as customary law sanctions imposed by traditional authorities such as village councils (including "kasepekang", or ostracism) have become important as a consequence of Indonesia's democratization and decentralization since 1998.
In addition to Bali's sacred rituals and sacred celebrations, the government presents the Bali Arts Festival to showcase Balinese performing arts and various works of art produced by their local talent. This is held once a year, from the second week of June to the end of July.
Sports
Bali is the world's ultimate surf destination with a popular break along the southern coastline and around the offshore island of Nusa Lembongan.
As part of the Coral Triangle, Bali, including Nusa Penida, offers a variety of dive sites with various types of reefs, and tropical aquatic life.
Bali hosted the 2008 Asian Beach Games. This is Indonesia's second time hosting an Asian multi-sport event, after Jakarta hosted the 1962 Asian Games.
In football, Bali is home to the football club of Bali United, playing in League 1. The team was moved from Samarinda, East Kalimantan to Gianyar, Bali. Harbiansyah Hanafiah, Bali United's chief commissioner explained that he changed his name and moved his homebase to Bali because there was no representative from Bali at the highest soccer level in Indonesia. Another reason is because local fans in Samarinda prefer to support Pusamania Borneo F.C. more than Persisam.
Legacy site
In June 2012, Subak, an irrigation system for rice fields in Jatiluwih, Bali is being listed as a UNESCO world heritage site.
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Source of the article : Wikipedia
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