fixed links or permanent switches are continuous and uninterrupted road or rail links in water using multiple combinations of bridges, tunnels, and roads and do not involve disconnected connections- broken like drawbridges or ferries. The bridge-tunnel combination is commonly used for major fixed links.
This is a list of proposed and actual transport links between the continents and the offshore islands. See also a list of bridge tunnels for a list of other fixed links including links across rivers, bays, and lakes.
Video Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
History
Cosmopolitan Train
In 1890, William Gilpin first proposed to connect the continents by land through the Cosmopolitan Train. Important elements of the proposal, such as the English Channel Tunnel, have been built since that era. However, the increase in the global shipping industry and the rise of international air travel has reduced demand for many intercontinental land connections.
Trans Global Highway
The Trans-Global Highway is a variety of highway systems proposed by futurist Frank X. Educates that will connect all six continents inhabited. People can drive from Australia to California via Russia and Alaska. People from New York can go to London via Greenland. The highway will build new and existing bridges and tunnels, improve ground transportation and potentially provide channels for utility pipelines. However, in the "Extreme Engineering" Discovery Channel, it was noted that the Chukotka area was largely unoccupied and uninhabited, and the infrastructure needed to be fully developed from scratch. Chukotka is on the Eurasian side of the Bering Strait, where the highway will connect to North America through the tunnel.
Maps Intercontinental and transoceanic fixed links
Europe
English Channels
There is no highway connection between Great Britain and mainland Europe; only railway connections, Channel tunnel.
A cross-channel tunnel was first proposed in 1802 and the actual construction began in 1881 before being abandoned. Roll-on Roll-off ferry service provides cross-channel links for vehicles.
A road tunnel was proposed in 1979, but was not considered feasible. The development of the Channel Tunnel began in 1988 and the tunnel was opened in 1994. Cars and transport trucks were loaded into a closed Eurotunnel Shuttle railway car (similar to an automatic railway/racecar) to travel through the tunnel, but. The service tunnel runs throughout the length of the intersection, but is closed for general use and is only used during emergencies and for maintenance.
Irish Sea
A variety of ferry services connect Ireland to the UK and France. A number of options for permanent Irish Sea crossings have been proposed for years but none are currently being seriously considered.
German to Denmark to Sweden
The ÃÆ'ËÅ"resund Bridge connects southern Sweden to the Danish island of New Zealand. New Zealand is connected to the mainland of Denmark and throughout Europe by the Great Belt Fixed Link. Most travelers between Sweden and Germany, both by road and by rail, use a shorter route of 160 km (km) by ferry over Fehmarn Belt southwest to Hamburg or southward to Rostock. The Belt Fehmarn Fixed Link is set to open in 2021. The Gedser-Rostock Bridge is also being considered.
Swedish to Finnish
The ferry service connects Sweden to Finland via ÃÆ'â € | land islands. There are fixed link proposals between Sweden and Finland. A tunnel can be built between Sweden and ÃÆ'â € | ground, about 50 km km long, and a depth of 100-200 meters, with the lowest depth around the MÃÆ'¤rket, a bit of a detour. The area between ÃÆ'â € | the land and Finland is shallow with many islands, can be connected with the bridge. Between UmeÃÆ'  ¥ and Vaasa further north, there are proposals for building the Kvarken Bridge, a series of bridges, the longest 26 km, totaling 40 km. None of these proposals has been seriously investigated.
Finland to Estonia
The Ferry service links Finland to Estonia as well as rail and road links through Saint Petersburg in Russia. Rail Baltica is a proposal for the rail network from Finland to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland, through Russia via Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel. The bay has heavy ferry traffic, and the port of Helsinki has the largest number of international passengers from any port in Europe, and most of the trip to Tallinn or back.
Italy Italy to Sicily
The Messina Strait has a busy ferry traffic. Strait of Messina Bridge is planned, but the date of construction has been postponed several times.
Europe to Africa
Gibraltar Tunnel
The Gibraltar tunnel is proposed to be a rail tunnel connecting Africa and Europe. Due to the depth of the Strait of Gibraltar (300-900 meters/1000-2950 ft), it will be a great challenge to remove car exhaust from this depth. Each tunnel will most likely be an electric rail tunnel, similar to a Channel Tunnel connecting England and France. There are also proposals for the bridge over the Strait. There is a car ferry crossing the strait.
Sicily Strait
The proposed Sicilian Passage Strait will connect Sicily with Tunisia. Along with the proposed Messina Strait Bridge from Sicily to Italy, this will be a permanent link between Italy and Tunisia.
Europe to Asia
The Turkish Strait is a channel between Turkish Europe and Turkish Asia and comprises (from south to north) Dardanelles Sea of ​​Marmara and Bosphorus
The Bosphorus
Three suspension bridges across the Bosphorus. The first, the Bosphorus Bridge, was 1,074 m (3,524 feet) long and was completed in 1973. The second, named Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Bosporus II) Bridge, was 1,090 m (3,576 ft) long, and completed in 1988 about 5 km 3 mi) north of the first bridge. Bosporus Bridge is part of O1 Motorway, while Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge is part of the Trans-European Toll Road.
Construction of the third suspension bridge, Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge, starting on May 29, 2013; opened to traffic on August 26, 2016. The bridge was built near the northern end of the Bosporus, between the villages of GaripÃÆ'§e on the European side and PoyrazkÃÆ'¶y on the Asian side. It is part of the "Northern Marmara Motorway", which will be more integrated with the existing Black Sea Coastal Highway, and will allow transit traffic to cut city traffic.
The Marmaray project, featuring 13.7 km (8.5 km) underwater tunnel, was opened on October 29, 2013. Around 1,400 m (4,593 ft) the tunnel runs under the strait, at a depth of about 55 m (180Ã ft ).
An underwater water supply tunnel of 5,551 m (18,212 ft), named the Bosporus Water Tunnel, was built in 2012 to move water from the Melen River in DÃÆ'¼zce Province (to the east of the Bosporus strait, in northwestern Anatolia) to the European side of Istanbul, which is 185 km (115 mi).
The Eurasian tunnel is a road tunnel between Kazlicesme and Goztepe, which began construction in February 2011 and opened for traffic on 21 December 2016.
The Dardanelles
Currently, there are no bridges or tunnels that cross the Dardanelles even though there are many ferries. The ÃÆ' â € ¨kelkale 1915 Bridge is currently under construction between the cities of Gelibolu and Lapseki.
Kerch Straits
The Crimean bridge is a pair of parallel bridges built by the Russian Federation, to reach the Kerch Strait between the Krasnodar Krai Park Peninsula (Russia) and Kerch Peninsula of Crimea (Russia-annexed, internationally recognized as part of Ukraine). The bridge complex provides for both vehicular traffic and for trains. With a length of 18.1 km (11.2 miles) it is the longest bridge in Russia and Europe.
Africa to Arabia
Saudi-Egypt Causeway
The Saudi-Egypt Causeway is a proposal for cross-roads and bridges between the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt and northern Saudi Arabia. It will provide direct road route between Egypt and Saudi Arabia without going through Israel or Jordan. There is a car ferry between Safaga, Egypt and Duba, Saudi Arabia.
Horn Bridge
The Bridge of the Horns is a proposed construction project to build a bridge between the coasts of Djibouti and Yemen across Bab-el-Mandeb, the strait between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. No ferry today (2016).
Asia
Sri Lanka
The Mail Boat train and ferry service provided rail and ferry services from India to Sri Lanka until the First World War. The India-Sri Lanka HVDC interconnection is being considered to link the power grids of these countries.
South East South Islands
Mainland Peninsular Malaysia is connected to Pulau Penang by two road bridges: Penang Bridge and Sultan Abdul Halim Bridge Muadzam Shah Bridge (Penang Second Bridge). To the south, the island is connected to Singapore Island in the Straits of Johor by Johor-Singapore Causeway and Malaysia-Singapore Second Link; the first also brought the Malaysian West Coast to the island.
Passenger ferries and vehicles connect various islands in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.
There is a proposal to connect Java, the most populous island in Indonesia to Sumatra via the proposed Sunda Strait Bridge and from Sumatra to Singapore and/or Malaysia via the Malacca Strait Bridge.
The Australia-Papua New Guinea Tunnel
A tunnel/bridge between the Australian mainland and the island of New Guinea, bridging the Torres Strait, is not considered economically viable because of its great distance. Cape York in northern Queensland is 140 km from New Guinea. This distance is very far compared to the existing tunnel or bridge, and the demand for car travel is not so high; in 2009 there was no car ferry between Australia and Papua New Guinea. Passenger travel only by air.
Hainan Island
The Guangdong-Hainan Ferry, or the Yuehai Ferry (part of the Guangdong-Hainan Railway) is a Railway vehicle and ferry connecting Hainan Island to Guangdong in mainland China. The ferries run across the Qiongzhou Strait, between Zhanjiang, Guangdong and Haikou, Hainan.
Taiwan
The Taiwan Strait Tunnel Project is a proposed submarine tunnel to connect Pingtan in China to Hsinchu in northern Taiwan as part of the Beijing-Taipei Expressway G3. First proposed in 1996, the project has been the subject of numerous academic discussions and feasibility studies, including by China Railway Engineering Corporation. There is a cross-strait ferry, both on the remote island of Taiwan and between PRC and Taiwan.
South Korea
Since the Korean War traveled overland from South Korea via North Korea to China and Russia has been blocked, South Korea maintains ferry services to Japan and China.
Korean to Japanese
"Korea's Friendship Tunnel System of Japan," is a proposal for a fixed link from Fukuoka city in Ky? Sh ?, Japan, to the port city of Busan in Korea through four islands. The maximum ocean depth in this area is 146 m (480 ft). Similar proposals have been discussed for decades by Korean and Japanese politicians. Bridge road connecting Ky? Sh? to the main island of Japan Honshu.
Japanese to Russian
The Seikan Tunnel has provided rail connections from the main Honshu Island of Japan to Japan's northernmost island in Hokkaido since 1988. The proposed Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel will connect Hokkaido with Sakhalin island in Russia. When combined with the proposed Sakhalin Tunnel between Sakhalin and Mainland Russia and an extension of the Baikal Amur Mainline will provide rail connections from Japan to Russia and mainland Asia.
Asia to America
Bering strait bridge or tunnel
There is a proposal to reach the Bering Sea with a bridge or tunnel called the Intercontinental Peace Bridge , TKM-World Link or The AmerAsian Peace Tunnel . It will connect the American Cape Prince of Wales, with Cape Dezhnev Russia. The Bering Strait tunnel will consist of 3 tunnels connecting Alaska and Russia by passing two islands (Little Diomede (USA) and Big Diomede (Russia)). The longest single tunnel is 24 miles (40 km). Since the Bering Sea at the proposed intersection has a known maximum depth of 170 feet (50 m), the tunnel may be excavated by a conventional tunnel grinding machine of a kind used in the construction of the Channel Tunnel. Three tunnel proposals are considered better on the bridge due to severe environmental conditions, especially inevitable winter ice breakage.
Each proposed tunnel will be shorter than some of the current tunnels. The Channel Tunnel connecting Britain with mainland Europe is about 31.34 miles (50.45 km) long; Seikan sea tunnel connecting Hokkaid? with Honsh? in Japan the length is 33.46 miles (55.86 km); and the Swiss Gotthard Base Tunnel through the Alps, opened in 2016, the length is 35.7 miles (59.60 km).
To make bridges or tunnels useful, roads or trains must be built to connect them, despite the extremely difficult climate and very rare populations that make roads less economically motivated. In Alaska, a 700-mile (1,100 km) long link takes place, and in Russia, more than 1,200 miles (2,000 km) is needed. Until about 2010 such road connections were suggested by fans only, but at that time both the Russian government and the Alaska state government began to consider the roads.
The Americas
Vancouver Island
The ferry services connect Vancouver Island to British Columbia in Mainland Canada and the State of Washington in the US.
Proposals have been made for fixed links to Vancouver Island for over a century. Due to the extreme depth and soft ocean floor of the Georgian Strait, and the potential for seismic activity, bridges or tunnels will face monumental engineering, safety, and environmental challenges at high cost.
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island is connected to New Brunswick on the Canadian mainland by the Confederate Bridge which opened in 1997.
Newfoundland
Proposals have been considered for fixed connections consisting of bridges, tunnels, and/or roads across the Belle Isle Strait, connecting the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador in the Labrador region to the island of Newfoundland. This strait has a minimum width of 17.4 km (10.8 mi).
Long Island
Nine bridges and 13 tunnels (including railway tunnels) connect Brooklyn and Queens, on Long Island, to Manhattan Island and Staten Island and, through this, to Newark in New Jersey and the Bronx on the mainland of New York state. The ferry connects Suffolk County north across Long Island Sound to the mainland of New York state and westward towards Connecticut state. There are various proposals for fixed connections on Long Island Sound to replace these ferries.
Delmarva
The Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel (CBBT) is a 23-mile (37 km) fixed network that crosses the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay of the United States, connecting the Delmarva Peninsula with Virginia Beach, Virginia. Opened in 1964.
Florida to Cuba, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico
Ferry services between the US and Cuba and between Cuba and Haiti have been suspended due to the ongoing US embargo on Cuba.
There is only one regular ferry to Havana from a foreign port: CancÃÆ'ºn, Mexico.
There is a ferry that travels between MayagÃÆ'¼ez in Puerto Rico and Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.
DariÃÆ' Â © n Gap
An important break on the Pan-American Highway is part of the land located in DariÃÆ' Â © n Province in Panama and the Colombian border called DariÃÆ' Â © n Gap. It is a stretch of 87km (54 miles) of rainforest. The gap has been crossed by adventurers on bicycles, motorcycles, all-terrain vehicles, and feet, dealing with forests, swamps, insects, kidnappings, and other dangers.
Several people, groups, indigenous population, and government are opposed to completing part of the Highway. Opposition reasons include protecting the rainforest, which contains the spread of tropical diseases, protecting the livelihoods of indigenous peoples in the area, and reducing the spread of drug trafficking and related violence from Colombia.
Transatlantic tunnel
transatlantic tunnels are theoretical tunnels that will reach the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe perhaps for destinations such as mass transit. Some proposals are dreaming of technologically advanced trains that reach speeds of 500 to 8,000 kilometers per hour (310 to 4,970 mph). Most of the tunnel concepts imagine it between the United States and Britain - or more specifically between New York City and London.
Advantages compared to air travel can increase speed, and use electricity instead of rare oil-based fuels, given the time in the future after the peak oil.
The main obstacle to building such a tunnel is the estimated cost of between $ 175 billion and $ 12 trillion as well as the limits of current materials science. Existing large tunnels, such as Channel Tunnels, Seikan Tunnels and Gotthard Base Tunnels, although using technology that is cheaper than ever proposed for transatlantic tunnels, are struggling financially.
See also
- Atlantropa
- Orkney tunnel
- Trans-Asia Train
- List of megaprojects transport
- List of straits
References
External links
- The original Trans-Global Highway Proposals
- Map the route
- The Schiller Institute article on Trans Global Highway
- Wikivoyage, Wikimedia's global travel guide with information on driving in every country
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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