Women in Indonesia

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The role of women in Indonesia today is influenced by many factors, including the improvement of modernization, globalization, educational improvement and technological progress. Many Indonesian women choose to live in cities rather than living in cities to do farm work due to personal, professional, and family needs, and economic requirements. These women move away from traditional Indonesian cultural orders, in which women act modestly and solely as wives and mothers. Currently, Indonesian women are also actively entering the national development domain, and work as active members of organizations that focus and act on women's issues and concerns.

Video Women in Indonesia

History

In Indonesian society, women play an important role both inside and outside the family. In rural indigenous communities certain positions, such as traditional midwives, traditional healers, to ritualists and shamans are often held by women. Although their role appears to be reduced, if not limited, after the adoption of Hindu patriarchal, Buddhist, Islamic and Christian cultures, women still hold important positions, especially in families.

In Balinese society, women traditionally play an important role, especially regarding family economic life. Although Balinese women's traditional values ​​are responsible for maintaining balance and harmony within the family and producing good quality offspring, in a rapidly changing society the role of the economy has grown. It is common for Balinese women to pursue economic activities outside their homes, so that the traditional markets of Bali are filled with women who run businesses.

Minangkabau people are known as one of the few traditional societies that apply matriarchal and matrilineal cultures, where property and surname are passed from mother to daughter, and husbands are considered "guests" in their wife's household. The Minangkabau culture also recognizes a prominent historical woman, Bundo Kanduang, the Minangkabau community matriarch. Today, Bundo Kanduang refers to a traditional institution composed of respected female elders in the Minangkabau community (tradition).

In the history of Indonesia, there are records of some prominent women who hold and exercise considerable power and influence in their society, although it is usually reserved for the elite ruling class. Among them are Ratu Shima of the Kingdom of Kalinga (7th century), Pramodhawardhani of the Medang Kingdom (9th century), Isyana Tunggawijaya of the Medyan Isyana dynasty (10th century), Mahendradatta of Bali (10th century), Ken Dedes of Singhasari (13th century), also the queen of Majapahit (13-15th century); Gayatri Rajapatni, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi and Suhita. Then after the arrival of Islam in Java, Queen Kalinyamat of Jepara was also a famous female leader. The Sultanate of Aceh also noted that some sultans once ruled the sultanate of Aceh. The Republic of Indonesia recognizes several historic national figures who fought against Dutch colonialism; among others Nyi Ageng Serang, Martha Christina Tiahahu, Cut Nyak Dhien and Cut Nyak Meutia.

The women's emancipation movement began in the late 19th century colonial Dutch East Indies, when a handful of upper-class indigenous women advocated women's rights and education for women. The right female pioneers are Kartini from Jepara and Dewi Sartika from Bandung, both of whom founded the school for girls, and have been recognized as Indonesian national heroes.

Women's suffrage has never been a problem in Indonesia, since the first election in 1955 Indonesia declared that women have equal rights to men in politics, although in practice politics is still dominated by men. In 2001, Megawati Soekarnoputri - later Vice President - became the first woman president of Indonesia after the lifting of President Abdurrahman Wahid.

Maps Women in Indonesia

Women's rights

Indonesia signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1980 and ratified it in 1984.

National law and sharia

The Indonesian National Commission on Violence against Women noted that more regulations that discriminate women were adopted across the country than were repealed. In 2012, the Commission noted 282 regulations in various jurisdictions across Indonesia that were considered discriminatory, compared to 154 such instruments in 2009. 96 have imposed criminal sanctions on women through prostitution and pornography rules, 60 of which contain dress codes and religious standards , and 38 that restrict women's mobility. Although the regulation can be found in 28 provinces in Indonesia, six provinces where they are mostly concentrated are East Java, South Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, West Java, West Nusa Tenggara and West Sumatra.

In many parts of Indonesia, local laws that force women and girls to wear hijab are increasingly occurring in schools, government offices, and public spaces. Aceh province has fully implemented Sharia law. In Aceh, all Muslim women should wear a traditional headgear known as hijab; hanging out with the opposite sex outside marriage is forbidden.

Sexual harassment and harassment

More than 90 percent of rape cases in Indonesia are not reported, victims are afraid of being blamed.

Female Women-only transport

An Indonesian railway company, PT Kereta Api , introduced a women-only carriage on several Jabotabek KRL commuter trains in the metropolitan area of ​​Jakarta from August 2010 in response to many reports of sexual harassment in public places, including commuter and bus trains.

Women's special wagons on commuter trains are usually symbolized by large pink or purple stickers, which read " Women's Special Trains ", and are located at each end of the train. This type of train was previously only found in air-conditioned EMUs, but a number of newly refurbished airborne EMUs have also been equipped with women-only carriage stickers.

Recently, the PT Kereta Api launched a women-only train (the train itself uses the Tokyo Metro 6000 series EMU, set number 6107F), which is intended as further protection for female passengers from sexual harassment. To make a difference from a standard EMU (which only provides women-only carriages on each end of the carriage), the women's trains have all their cars adorned with the purple or red ladies' young. Since October 1, 2012, PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Jabodetabek commuter launched a woman-only train. The practice expired in May 2013 after reports found that the versatile car was crowded during peak hours, while women-only cars were underutilized.

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Marriage and family life

Mahar is rarely done in Indonesian culture, but the price of the bride is practiced by certain ethnic groups. For example, the price of the bride cash money in Bugis culture. The more prominent the education, career, beauty, social and economic strata, or noble bridal background, the more expensive the cash money should be paid. In the Minangkabau matrilineal culture, the payment of the bridal price - or more properly referred to as "the price of the groom", is given to the groom's parents, since the husband enters the household of his newly married wife. The more prominent the education and care of the groom, the more expensive the groom's price should be paid. The custom is called bajapuik or japuik, although historically a widespread practice in Minangkabau land, today only people from Pariaman are constantly practicing this custom. The more common national culture applies to marriage (lit. "golden marriage") or dowry which refers to a gift given by the groom to be given to the bride. It may contain some money or gold, sometimes due to the adoption of Islamic culture, also included or replaced by symbolic religious objects such as a set of prayer tools (Islamic praying equipment).

Like many other developing countries, high fertility rates are the main problems facing the country. Traditionally, Indonesians have seen children as a source of luck. A local saying that more children are equated with more fortune and it is widely believed that contraceptive use contradicts religious and moral values. This contributes to a very high fertility rate. Recognizing that high fertility is a major factor in creating widespread poverty. Child marriage is also supported by traditional norms.

Child marriage is a common thing. This is one of the factors that trigger disease in women like cervical cancer. Child marriage is sustained by traditional norms.

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Health and wellbeing

Many pregnant women in Indonesia do not have the financial ability to pay for hospital delivery and delivery by caesarean section, due to disproportionate salaries and medical expenses. Thus, these women need the support and assistance of "places of birth birth" that provide "free pregnancy care, delivery and medical assistance", such as the Bumi Sehat Foundation's Health Foundation (Yayasan Kesehatan Ibu Ibu Sehat Kesehatan ) was founded by Robin Lim, an American midwife, in 2003. The 24-hour birthplace like that, mostly located in Bali and Aceh, helps Indonesian women to escape from the general practice of private hospitals in Indonesia that require holding newborns up to medical bills are fully paid by the mother who gave birth.

Nevertheless, the economy now appears to be improving (GDP growth is high in 2012 as high as 6.2%) and several programs have been undertaken by governments to help promote the health and well-being of women and children. A ministry of interest in the field has long been established since the regime of the late President Suharto during the New Order.

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Jobs

In Indonesian culture, it is the social norm for husbands to provide economically for their wives and the whole family. That is, husband's income is expected to be given to the wife every month and managed by her for family expenses and savings. However, it is normal for women to pursue economic activity. For example, stalls , small family-owned stores, often run the same by men or women. In most countries, Indonesian women have traditionally enjoyed social and economic freedom. To support their family's economy, Indonesian women engage in economic activities outside their households, although most small businesses are informal. It is common to find women doing business in traditional Indonesian markets.

After the rise of foreign multinational investors began to invest in Indonesia during the 1970s, many Indonesian women became the "main labor" and cheap labor source in the manufacturing business. In the 1990s, some women in Indonesia, including teenagers and homeless, were forced to work as sex workers and domestic workers because of financial difficulties. Some women who are forced to work like that choose to go abroad, to countries like Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Some have since been victims of torture, sexual harassment, murder, illegal detention, rape, sodomy, and other forms of sexual violence. In health, as a consequence of being prostituted by traffickers, some people are infected with HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Indonesia is one country that has a female president; Megawati Sukarnoputri served as president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. In 2012, 18% of national parliament representatives are held by women. Tri Rismaharini is one example of the increasing number of female leaders throughout Indonesia. More and more women become scholars. The ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary schools is also even in 2013.

More scholarships awarded by the Indonesian government (and some other institutions other than the government) are given to women, and result in higher achievements in the next life. In most major cities like Jakarta and Surabaya, an educated female work force tends to delay marriage and girls who finish high school six times less likely to marry early.

Indonesian women can make major changes to national employment - women currently hold 33% of non-agricultural employment as they also work in prestigious and traditionally male-dominated fields such as architecture, medicine, and engineering. Indonesian women have been pursuing various jobs and some have excelled in their careers. Prominent female figures include economists such as Sri Mulyani Indrawati and Mari Elka Pangestu, Olympic gold athlete athletes such as Susi Susanti and Liliyana Natsir, for activists like Butet Manurung and Yenny Wahid.

During the reign of President Joko Widodo, Indonesia has 26 percent female representation among state ministers, the highest among the 10 most populous countries. Indonesia is increasingly placing women in senior roles in government, business and finance. Major officials include Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati, Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi, and Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Susi Pudjiastuti, the minister of women in the government of Joko Widodo. Also Rosmaya Hadi as Deputy Governor of Bank Indonesia.

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See also

• Pertiwi Cup, Indonesian women soccer tournament
• Indonesian women's national football team
• Femina, the weekly women's magazine
• Indonesian Women
• Gerwani
• Kebaya

General:

• Women in Islam
• Human Rights in Indonesia

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References

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Further reading

• Poverty Reduction and Social Development Division. Paper on Social Development and Poverty No. 1. Status of Sociolegal Women in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. Asian Development Bank.
• Robinson, Kathryn May and Bessell, Sharon. Women in Indonesia: Gender, Justice and Development . Assessment Series Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2002). 284 pages.
• 2 men, 2 women whipped in Indonesia for sexual offenses. The Jakarta Post . May 5, 2011.

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External links

• Indonesian Women Studies Bibliography

Source of the article : Wikipedia