Volunteers are generally considered to be altruistic activities in which individuals or groups provide services without financial or social benefits "to benefit others, groups or organizations". Volunteering is also well known for skills development and is often intended to promote good or to improve the quality of human life. Volunteering may have positive benefits for volunteers as well as for the person or community being served. It is also intended to make contacts for possible work. Many volunteers are specially trained in the area where they work, such as medicine, education, or emergency rescue. Others serve as needed, as in response to natural disasters.
Video Volunteering
Etymology and history
The verb was first recorded in 1755. This word comes from the noun volunteer , in C.1600, "one who offers himself for military service," from Central France volunteer . In a non-military sense, the word was first recorded during the 1630s. The word volunteers has a newer usage - still dominated by the military - coinciding with the phrase community service . In the military context, the volunteer army is a military body whose soldiers choose to enter service, as opposed to conscription. Such volunteers do not work "for free" and are paid regularly.
19th century
During this time, America is experiencing revival. People become aware of the less fortunate and realize the cause of the movement against slavery. Young people start helping the needy in their community. In 1851, the first YMCA in the United States began, followed seven years later by the first YWCA. During the American Civil War, women volunteered to offer their time to sew supplies for the soldiers and "War Cleric Angels" Clara Barton and a team of volunteers began to provide assistance to the soldiers. Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and began mobilizing volunteers for disaster relief operations, including assistance to Johnstown Flood victims in 1889.
the 20th and 21st centuries
The Salvation Army is one of the oldest and largest organizations working for the less fortunate. Although it is a charitable organization, it has organized a number of voluntary programs from the start. Before the 19th century, some formal charitable organizations exist to help people in need.
In the first few decades of the 20th century, several volunteer organizations were established, including Rotary International, Kiwanis International, the Association of Junior Leagues International, and Lions Clubs International.
The Great Depression sees one of the first large-scale national efforts coordinating volunteers for special needs. During World War II, thousands of volunteer offices oversaw volunteers who assisted many military and home needs, including collecting supplies, entertaining soldiers on leave, and caring for the wounded.
After World War II, people shifted the focus from their altruistic desires to other areas, including helping the poor and volunteering abroad. A major development was the Peace Corps in the United States in 1960. When President Lyndon B. Johnson declared the Poverty War in 1964, volunteer opportunities began to grow and continue over the next few decades. The process of finding volunteer work becomes more formal, with more volunteer centers forming and new ways to find work that appears on the World Wide Web.
According to the Corporation for National Services and Society (in 2012), about 64.5 million Americans, or 26.5 percent of the adult population, provided 7.9 billion hours of volunteer services worth $ 175 billion. It counts about 125-150 hours per year or 3 hours per week at a rate of $ 22 per hour. Volunteer hours in the UK are similar; data for other countries is not available.
In 1960, after the so-called revolutionary war in Cuba, Ernesto Che Guevara created the concept of volunteer work. It was made with the intention that workers throughout the country volunteered to work a few hours in their work centers.
Maps Volunteering
Type
Being a volunteer as used by the service learning program
Many schools at all levels of education offer a learning service program, allowing students to serve the community through volunteering while earning educational credit. According to Alexander Astin in the preface to Where is Learning in Service-Learning? by Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, Jr., "... we promote the adoption of a broader learning-service in higher education because we see it as a powerful tool for preparing students to become parents and citizens more concerned and responsible and help the academy and university to make their promise to serve the community. "When explaining service learning, Medical Education at Harvard says," The learning service brings together academic study and community service volunteers in a mutually supportive way.... service learning is characterized by a partnership relationship: students learn from service agents and from the community and, in return, provide energy, intelligence, commitment, time and skills to meet human and community needs. "Being a volunteer in service learning seems to have a result involving mind and heart, thus providing a stronger learning experience, according to Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, it succeeds with the fact that it"... fosters student development by capturing student interest.. "Although not recognized by everyone as a legitimate approach, research on the efficacy of service learning has matured Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles conducted a nationwide study of American college students to ensure the importance of service learning programs, According to Eyler and Giles," Survey this is done before and after a semester of community service, examining the impact of student- learning services. "They describe their experiences with students involved in learning services in this way:" Students love service learning. As we sit down with a group of students to discuss their service-learning experience, their enthusiasm is not wrong...... it is clear that [the students] believe that what they gain from service learning differs qualitatively from what they often get from instruction more traditional. "
Skill-based volunteers
Volunteer based skills leverage the special skills and individual talents to strengthen the nonprofit infrastructure, helping them build and maintain their capacity to successfully achieve their mission. This is different from traditional volunteers, where special training is not required. The average hour of traditional volunteers is appreciated by the Independent Sector between $ 18-20 per hour. Volunteer-based expertise is priced at $ 40-500 per hour, depending on the market value of that time.
Become a volunteer in a developing country
A form of volunteer that is increasingly popular among young people, especially students and graduates of the gap year, is to travel to communities in developing countries to work on projects with local organizations. Activities include teaching English, working in orphanages, conservation, helping non-governmental organizations and medical work. International volunteers often aim to give participants valuable skills and knowledge in addition to benefits for the community and the host organization.
Virtual volunteering
Also called e-volunteering or online volunteering , virtual volunteers are volunteers who complete the task, in whole or in part, offsite from the assisted organization. They use the Internet and home, school, telecenter or work computer, or any other Internet-connected device, such as a PDA or smartphone. Virtual volunteering is also known as cyber services, telementoring, and teletutoring, as well as various other names. Virtual volunteering is similar to telecommuting, except that rather than paid online employees, this is an unpaid online volunteer.
Micro-volunteering
Micro-volunteering is a task performed through a device connected to the internet. An individual usually performs this task in small amount of time and is not paid. Micro-volunteering differs from "virtual volunteering" because it usually does not require individual volunteers to go through an application process, screening process, or training period.
Environmental volunteers
Environmental volunteers refer to volunteers who contribute to environmental or conservation management. Volunteers perform various activities including environmental monitoring, ecological restoration such as re-vegetation and weed removal, protecting endangered animals, and educating others about the natural environment.
Volunteer in an emergency
Voluntary often plays an important role in recovery after natural disasters, such as tsunamis, floods, droughts, hurricanes, and earthquakes. For example, the Great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of 1995 in Japan was a decisive moment, bringing many of the first volunteers to earthquake response. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami attracted a large number of volunteers around the world, deployed by non-governmental organizations, government agencies and the United Nations.
During Sandy's 2012 hurricane emergency, Occupy Sandy volunteers formed a laterally regulated quick response team that provided much needed assistance during and after the storm, from food to shelter to reconstruction. This is an example of mutualism in the workplace, gathering resources and assistance and utilizing social media.
Volunteer at school
Poor resource schools around the world rely on government support or on the efforts of volunteers and private donations to be effective. In some countries, when the economy is sluggish, the need for volunteers and resources is increasing rapidly. There are many opportunities available in the school system for volunteers. However, there are not many requirements to volunteer in the school system. Whether a person is a high school graduate or a TEFL graduate or a student, most schools require only voluntary and unconditional effort.
Just like the benefits of all types of volunteers, there are huge rewards for volunteers, students, and schools. In addition to intangible gifts, volunteers can add experiences that are relevant to their resume. Volunteers who travel to help can learn foreign cultures and languages.
Volunteering in schools can serve as an additional teaching guide for students and help fill in the gaps of local teachers. Cultural and linguistic exchanges during teaching and other school activities can be the most important learning experiences for students and volunteers.
Corporate Volunteers
Benefacto, a volunteer broker, describes the company's volunteers as "Companies that give their employees annual holiday allowance, which they use to volunteer at their chosen charity."
The majority of companies in Fortune 500 allow their employees to volunteer during business hours. This formalized Employee Volunteering (EVPs) employee program, also called Employer Supported Volunteering (ESV), is considered part of corporate sustainability efforts and their social responsibility activities. About 40% of Fortune 500 companies make monetary donations, also known as voluntary grants, to nonprofits as a way of recognizing employees who dedicate a lot of time to volunteering in the community.
According to information from VolunteerMatch, services that provide Employee Volunteering Program solutions, key drivers for companies that produce and manage EVP are building brand awareness and affinity, strengthening trust and loyalty among consumers, enhancing company image and reputation, increasing employee retention, increasing productivity and employee loyalty, and provide an effective vehicle for achieving strategic goals.
In April 2015, David Cameron pledged to provide all British workers employed by companies with more than 250 employees required a three-day voluntary leave, which, if implemented, would result in an additional 360 million volunteer hours a year.
Community volunteer work
Voluntary community refers globally to those who work to improve their local communities. This activity usually occurs not for non-profit organizations, local government and churches; but also includes ad-hoc or informal groups such as recreational sports teams.
Benefits of community volunteer work
There are many personal benefits that are evident from community volunteerism. Working together with a group of people who have ethnicity, background, and different views reduces stereotypes. Community volunteers have also been shown to improve students' academic success.
According to Where is Learning in Learning? by Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles, immersing themselves in service learning and serving others have many positive effects both academically and personally. Not only surround yourself with new people and learn how to work together as a group helps one to improve teamwork and relational skills, it reduces stereotypes, increases appreciation of other cultures, and works to enable young people to find others who relate to them.
Eyler and Giles noted that at the start and end of the college semester which included three hours of community service a week, students reported higher attention to cultural differences. At the end of the semester, those who have participated in study services are noted to say that the most important thing they learn is not to judge others, and appreciate each type of person because everyone has the same key characteristics.
Community volunteer work has proven to be a strong predictor of student academic life and overall college experience. Studies have shown that students who participate in community service as part of their college course have a much higher correlation to complete their degree (Astin, 1992; Pascarella and Terenzini, 1991). In addition, students participating in community volunteer projects as part of their college experience reported finding much greater relevance in their academic studies after completing a community volunteer project.
Social volunteers or welfare volunteers
In some European countries, governmental and non-governmental organizations provide additional positions for a certain period of time in institutions such as hospitals, schools, burial sites, and welfare agencies. The difference for other types of volunteers is that there are strict legal regulations, what organizations are allowed to involve volunteers and about volunteer periods are allowed to work in voluntary positions. Therefore, volunteers get a limited amount as an allowance from the government. An organization with one of Europe's largest manpower is the German Federal volunteer service (Bundesfreiwilligendienst), established in 2011, with more than 35,000 federal volunteers in 2012. A much older institution is a voluntary social year (Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr) in Austria and Germany.
Volunteer at Major Sporting Events
Sochi Olympic Games 25,000 volunteers work at the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. They support organizers in more than 20 functional areas: meet guests, assist navigation, organize opening and closing ceremonies, arrange food outlets, etc. Volunteer apps are open to every citizen of Russia and other countries. The Sochi 2014 Organizing Committee receives about 200,000 applications, 8 applicants per place. Volunteers received training for over a year in 26 volunteer centers in 17 cities across Russia. The majority of participants are aged between 17 and 22 years old. At the same time, 3000 apps are sent from people over the age of 55. Some of them worked as volunteers during the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. This is the first experience with a large scale volunteer program in contemporary Russia.
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia
For the first time in its history, Russia will host the FIFA World Cup from June 14 to July 15, 2018. In addition, this will be the first time a World Cup match will be played in Europe and Asia. The match will be hosted by 12 stadiums in 11 Russian cities.
The FIFA 2018 World Cup volunteer program has involved thousands of Russians and other countries around the world.
The program covers several stages: recruitment, selection and volunteer training, organization of their work during the championships. The recruitment of volunteers for the FIFA Confederations Cup and FIFA World Cup through FIFA.com begins on June 1, 2016 and closes on 30 December 2016. Some volunteers work at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup: 1733 people assist organizers in Saint Petersburg, 1590 working in Moscow, 1261 in Sochi, 1260 in Kazan, a total of 5844 participants.
The FIFA World Cup will be supported by 17,040 volunteers from the Russian Local Organizing Committee 2018.
Candidates living in Russia are selected by 15 volunteer centers in host cities based at some of Russia's leading higher education institutions: Synergy University, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Russian Economy University Plekhanov, State University of Russian Social, Cars and Road Construction Moscow University, State University of Saint Petersburg Economy, State University of Samara, Volga Academy of Physical Culture Academy, Sport and Tourism, Don State Engineering University, Ogarev Mordovia State University, Volgograd State University, Nizhny Novgorod State University, State University of Samara, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, and Ural Federal University.
Candidates from other countries are elected from a distance.
Candidates must be at least 18 years of age, have good knowledge of English, have higher or higher education, and have team work skills.
Volunteers are trained remotely, in volunteer centers and in World Cup venues.
Volunteers will provide assistance in various fields:
- Distribute accreditation;
- Sell and check tickets;
- Assist radio communication professionals;
- Organizing leisure and entertainment activities for event guests;
- Organize food outlets;
- Providing interpretation services;
- Working with sponsors;
- Providing medical services and regulating doping control procedures;
- Support the operation of mass media;
- Arranging the arrival and departure of players and guests;
- Working with VIP guests;
- Helps players and referees;
- Assist players and guests with accommodation;
- Providing navigation assistance to guests;
- Helps broadcast TV and radio;
- Organize transport;
- Managing volunteers;
- Organize stadium operations;
- Monitor compliance with FIFA's social and environmental requirements;
- Organize the opening and closing ceremonies of the championship.
Their work begins ahead of the event: on May 10, 2017 for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, and on 10 May 2018 for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Legacy of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Volunteer Program: The Russian National Competition for Important Social Projects
On October 20, 2017, the Russian National Social Project Important Competition "Legacy of 2018 FIFA World Cup Volunteer" program was launched. This competition has involved about 1,500 people: applicants to the FIFA World Cup 2018 volunteer program and future city volunteers.
The idea of ​​the competition is that anyone can propose a project that will draw the attention of Russian citizens to the FIFA World Cup in Russia and leave a legacy after the championship ends.
The project is expected to produce real (artwork, attractions for residents and residents of the city, open playground, graffiti, developed areas in city parks, films, etc.) or intangibles (events, conferences, festivals, fairs) heritage.
26 projects qualify for the finals and are supported by the 2018 Local Organizing Committee of 2018 and the host city of 2018 FIFA World Cup. The jury includes the Director General of Russia's Local Organizing Committee 2018 Alexey Sorokin, 2018 FIFA World Cup Ambassador in Russia Alexey Smertin and Federal Tourism Agency Advisor Svetlana Sergeeva.
Some projects are merged or further developed by the Local Committee.
Among the projects are: Football Championships for Moms, Ramp Productions from Recycled Plastics, Your Championship Package, etc.
Volunteer days, weeks, and years
Designated day, week and year observed by a country or designated by the United Nations to encourage volunteer/community service
- Global Youth Service Day
- International Volunteer Day
- International Volunteer Year
- Join the Hands Day
- Mandela's Day
- MLK Service days
- Mitzvah Day
- Random Story of Good Day
- Day Rental
- Create a Day of Difference
- World Good Day
Political view
Modern society shares the same value of people who help each other; not only volunteer action to help others, but they also benefit volunteer individual on a personal level. Despite similar goals, tensions can arise between volunteers and the service provided by the state. To reduce this tension, most countries develop policies and make laws to clarify roles and relationships between government stakeholders and their voluntary partners; this regulation identifies and allocates the necessary legal, social, administrative and financial support from each party. This is especially necessary when some volunteer activities are seen as a challenge to state authorities (eg, on January 29, 2001, President Bush warns that volunteer groups should complement - rather than replace - the work of government agencies).
Volunteering that benefits the country but the challenge that union mates get paid to represent those who are paid for their volunteer work; this is particularly evident in the combined departments, such as the volunteer fire department.
Difficulties in cross-country assistance
Difficulties in the cross-country voluntary assistance model can arise when applied across borders. The presence of volunteers sent from one country to another can be seen as a violation of sovereignty and shows a lack of respect for the national government of the proposed recipients. Thus, motivation is important when negotiating countries offer to send help and when this proposal is accepted, especially if the donor can delay the aid or stop it altogether. Three types of conditionality have evolved:
- Financial accountability : Transparency in fund management to ensure that what volunteers do is targeted appropriately
- Policy reform : Government requests that developing countries adopt specific social, economic or environmental policies; often, the most controversially related to the privatization of services traditionally offered by the country
- Development goals : Ask developing countries to adapt certain time-bound economic goals
Several international volunteer organizations define their primary mission as altruistic: to combat poverty and improve the living standards of people in developing countries (eg Overseas Voluntary Services has nearly 2,000 skilled workers working as volunteers to convey their skills to local communities so that volunteer skills stay long after they go home). When this organization works in partnership with the government, the results can be very impressive. However, when other organizations or individual First World governments support volunteer group work, there can be a question whether the real motive of an organization or government is poverty alleviation. Conversely, the focus on wealth creation for some poor or developing policies that are intended to benefit the donor country is sometimes reported. Many low-income countries suffer from industrialization without prosperity and investment without growth. One of the reasons is that development assistance guides many Third World governments to pursue vain, unintellect, or unproductive development policies; some of these policies have been so damaging that the economy can not be sustained without outside support.
Indeed, some offers of assistance have deviated from the general spirit of volunteers, treating local voluntary actions as contributions in the form of, that is, existing conditions requiring modification of local communities' behavior in order for them to get the right to donor donations. This can be seen as patronizing and offending the recipients as it clearly serves the donor's policy objectives rather than the needs of the beneficiaries.
Moral resources, political capital and civil society
Based on case studies in China, Xu and Ngai (2011) revealed that grassroots volunteer development can be a bag among various organizations and may be able to work towards the development of civil society in developing countries. The researchers developed a "Moral Resource and Political Capital" approach to examine the contribution of volunteerism in promoting civil society. The moral source means that the available morality can be chosen by an NGO. Political capital means capital that will enhance or enhance the status, ownership or access of NGOs in the existing political system.
In addition, Xu and Ngai (2011) distinguish two types of Moral Resources: Moral-I Resources and Moral-II Resources (ibid).
- Moral Resources I: Inspired by Immanuel Kant's (1998 [1787]) argument about "What should I do," Moral Resources-I will encourage NGO trust and then have the courage to act and overcome difficulties with how to answer and confirm the question "What should I do."
- Moral Resources II: Recalling that Adorno (2000) recognizes that moral or immoral allegory is socially determined, Moral Resource-II refers to morally well-received by a particular society.
Thanks to the intellectual heritage of Blau and Duncan (1967), two types of political capital are identified:
- Political Capital-I refers to political capital that is primarily thought to be derived from the status inherited by NGOs throughout history (eg, CYL).
- Political Capital-II refers to Political Capital acquired by NGOs through their efforts.
Clearly, "Moral Resources-I myself have self-determination that gives participants confidence in their ethical beliefs", almost every organization may have Moral-I Resources, while not all have a recognized Moral Resource. However, volunteer service organizations primarily occupy Moral-II Resources because a sense of moral superiority makes it possible for parties with different values, goals and cultures to work together in promoting volunteer promotion. Thus voluntary service organizations tend to win the trust and support of the masses and governments more easily than organizations whose morals are not accepted by mainstream society. In other words, Moral Resource II helps grassroots organizations with the least Political Capital I to win Capital-II Politics, which is an important factor for their survival and growth in developing countries such as China. Therefore, the voluntary service sphere can be a pocket of civil society development in developing countries.
Health benefits
Volunteers have the ability to improve the quality of life and health including the long-term contribution of those who donate time and their research has found that older adults will benefit most from volunteering. Physical and mental diseases that interfere with older adults can be cured through simple actions of helping others; However, one must do good deeds of selflessness. There are obstacles that can prevent older adults from participating in voluntary work, such as socio-economic status, opinions held by others, and even current health problems. However, these barriers can be overcome so that if someone wants to get involved in volunteer work, they can do it. Volunteers not only improve the communities in which people serve, but also the lives of individuals who provide assistance to the community.
Mental health benefits
Being a known volunteer is not only related to happiness but also to increase happiness. Also, providing relief is a more important benefit of reported better mental health than receiving help. Studies also show that volunteers can lead to less loneliness for those who volunteer as well as those who volunteer.
Statistics
In the United States, statistics on volunteers are historically limited. In 2013, the US Current Population Survey (USA) includes a voluntary supplement that generates statistics on volunteers.
Criticism
In the 1960s, Ivan Illich offered an analysis of the role of American volunteers in Mexico in his speech entitled "To Hell With Good Intentions". His concern, along with critics such as Paulo Freire and Edward Said, revolves around the idea of ​​altruism as an extension of the Christian missionary ideology. In addition, he mentions a sense of responsibility/obligation as a factor, which drives the concept of noblesse oblige - first developed by the French aristocracy as a moral obligation derived from their wealth. In short, these concerns propose the expansion of power and authority over indigenous cultures around the world. The latest criticism of the volunteers came from Westmier and Kahn (1996) and the bell hook (nÃÆ' Â © e Gloria Watkins) (2004). Also, Georgeou (2012) has criticized the impact of neoliberalism on international aid volunteers.
The field of medical tourism (referring to volunteers traveling overseas to provide medical care) has recently attracted negative criticism when compared to alternative ideas about sustainable capacity, that is, work done in a long-term context, locally managed, and infrastructure supported by foreigners. Most of these criticisms mostly appear in scientific literature and peer-reviewed. Recently, media channels with more general readers have published such criticisms as well.
See also
- Association for Leaders in Volunteer Involvement (AL! VE)
- Association for Volunteer Administration (AVA)
- Failure
- Crossing guard
- List of voluntary rewards
- Micro-volunteers
- Military volunteers
- PeaceCorps
- Pro bono
- Subbotnis
- Voluntarism
References
- Geiser, Ch.; Okun, M. A.; Grano, C. (2014). "Who is motivated to volunteer? Latent profile analysis links voluntary motivation to the frequency of volunteers". Psychological Tests and Assessment Modeling. 56 (1). pp.Ã, 3-24.
Further reading
- Georgeou, Nichole, Neoliberalism, Development and Relief Volunteering, New York: Routledge, 2012. ISBNÃ, 9780415809153
External links
- Volunteering on Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- Volunteerism and legislation: Inter-Parliamentary Union Guidance Notes, United Nations Volunteers, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2004
- Ted talks about Norton about How to Buy Happiness
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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