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Valentine's Day , also called Saint Valentine's Day or Valentine's Day , is celebrated every year on 14 February. Originating as a Christian West Day In honor of one or two early saints named Valentine, Valentine's Day is recognized as a significant cultural, religious, and commercial celebration of romance and romantic love in many regions around the world, even though it is not a public holiday in which country even.

The martyrdom tales associated with the various Valentines connected to the 14th of February are presented in martyrology, including written accounts of Saint Valentine Roman prisons for marriage for soldiers, who are forbidden to marry and to serve persecuted Christians under the Roman Empire. According to legend, during his imprisonment Saint Valentine returned the vision to his blind daughter, and before the execution, he wrote a letter signed "Your Valentine" as a farewell.

The first day became associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century, when the love affection tradition developed. In 18th-century England, it evolved into an occasion where lovers express their love for one another by presenting flowers, offering confectionery, and sending greeting cards (known as "valentines"). The Valentine's Day symbols used today include the heart shape lines, doves, and Winged Cupid figures. Since the 19th century, hand-written valentine has given way to mass-produced greeting cards. In Europe, the Key of Saint Valentine is given to the beloved "as a symbol of romance and an invitation to open the giver's heart", also to the children, to ward off epilepsy (called Malady Saint Valentine).

Saint Valentine's Day is the official holiday in the Anglican Communion and Lutheran Church. Many parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church also celebrate St. Valentine's Day, although on July 6 and July 30, the previous date in honor of the presbyter of Saint Valentine, and the last date to honor Hieromartyr Valentine, Bishop of Interamna (modern Terni).


Video Valentine's Day



Saint Valentine

Histori

Many early Christian martyrs were named Valentine. The Valentines honored on February 14th are Valentine of Rome (Valentinus presb. M. Romae) and Valentine of Terni ( Valentinus ep. Interamnensis m. Romae ). Valentine of Rome was a priest in Rome who was martyred in 269 and added to the calendar of the saints by Pope Galesius in 496 and buried in Via Flaminia. The remains of Saint Valentine are housed in the Church and the Catacombs of San Valentino in Rome, which "remained an important pilgrimage site throughout the Middle Ages until the relics of St. Valentine were transferred to the Santa Prassede church during the papacy of Nicholas IV." The crown skulls of Saint Valentine are on display at the Basilica of Santa Maria in Cosmedin, Rome. Another relic was found at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, Ireland.

Valentine of Terni became the bishop of Interamna (modern Terni) and is said to have been martyred during the persecution under Emperor Aurelian in 273. He was buried in Via Flaminia, but in a different location from the Valentine of Rome. The relic is in the Basilica of Saint Valentine in Terni ( Basilica di San Valentino ). Jack B. Oruch states that "the abstract of the act of two saints is present in almost every church and monastery in Europe." The Catholic Encyclopedia also speaks of a third saint named Valentine mentioned at the beginning of the marsrology under the 14th of February. He was martyred in Africa with a number of friends, but nothing else is known about him. The head of Saint Valentine is preserved in the New Minster, Winchester, and respected monastery.

February 14th is celebrated as St. Valentine in various Christian denominations; it has, for example, a 'warning' rank in the calendar of saints in Anglican Communion. In addition, the feast of Saint Valentine is also given in the calendar of the saints of the Lutheran Church. However, in 1969 the revision of the Roman Catholic Saints Calendar, the feast of Saint Valentine on February 14 was removed from the Roman General Calendar and downgraded to a specific calendar (local or even national) for the following reason: "Despite the warnings of the ancient Saint Valentine, left to a certain calendar, because, regardless of its name, nothing is known of Saint Valentine except that it was buried in Via Flaminia on February 14. "

The feast is still celebrated in Balzan (Malta) where the saints' relics are claimed to be found, as well as around the world by traditionalist Catholics who follow the calendar of the older, pre-Second Vatican Council.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, St. Valentine was recognized on July 6, in which St. Valentine, the Roman presbyter, was honored; in addition, the Eastern Orthodox Church observes the Valentine Hieromartyr party, Bishop of Interamna, on 30 July.

Legends

J.C. Cooper, in The Dictionary of Christianity, writes that Saint Valentine was "a Roman priest imprisoned for treating persecuted Christians." Contemporary records of Saint Valentine were most likely destroyed during the Diocletian's Persecution at the beginning of the 4th century. In the fifth or sixth century, a work called Passio Marii et Marthae published a martyrdom story for Saint Valentine of Rome, perhaps borrowing torture that happened to other saints, as usual in the literature about that. period. The same event was also found in Martyrology Bede, which was composed in the 8th century. It states that Saint Valentine was persecuted as a Christian and interrogated by Roman Emperor Claudius II in private. Claudius was impressed by Valentine and discussed with him, trying to turn him into Roman paganism to save his life. Valentine refused and tried to turn Claudius into a Christian instead. Because of this, he was executed. Prior to his execution, he was reported to have done wonders by healing Julia, the blind daughter of his warden Asterius. The Turnkey daughter and her forty-six family members (family members and servants) came to believe in Jesus and were baptized.

Then Passio repeats the legend, adding that Pope Julius I built the church above his grave (it was confusion with the 4th century tribune called Valentino who donated the land to build the church at the time of Julius was a Pope). The legend was raised as fact by later martyrology, started by the Bede martyrology in the 8th century. It was repeated in the 13th century, at The Golden Legend.

There are additional jewelry for The Golden Legend, which, according to Henry Ansgar Kelly, was added several centuries later, and is repeated extensively. On the night before Valentine will be executed, she should write her own first "valentine" card, addressed to the daughter of her warden Asterius, who is no longer blind, signing as "Your Valentine." The phrase "From your Valentine" was then adopted by modern Valentine's letter. This legend has been published by American Greetings and The History Channel.

John Foxe, a British historian, and the Carmelite Order, declared that Saint Valentine was buried at the Praxedes Church in Rome, located near the tomb of Saint Hippolytus. The order says that according to legend, "Julia herself planted a pink almond tree near her grave.Today, the almond tree remains a symbol of eternal love and friendship."

Other decorations show that St. Valentine has a clandestine Christian marriage for soldiers who are forbidden to marry. The Roman Emperor Claudius II supposedly forbade this to grow his army, believing that married men do not become good soldiers. However, George Monger wrote that this marriage ban was never issued and that Claudius II told his soldiers to take two or three women for themselves after his victory over the Goths.

According to the legend, in order to "remind these people of their oath and love of God, Santa Valentine is said to have cut off the heart from the parchment", giving them to these soldiers and persecuting Christians, the possibility of the widespread use of the heart in St.. Valentine's Day.

Saint Valentine is said to be wearing a purple amethyst ring, usually worn in the hands of a Christian bishop with an engraved Cupid image in it, a recognizable symbol associated with legal love under the Roman Empire; The Roman army would recognize the ring and ask him to marry them. Perhaps because of the relationship with Saint Valentine, amethyst has become the birthstone of February, which is considered to attract love.

Maps Valentine's Day



Folk Tradition

While the European folk traditions associated with Saint Valentine and St. Valentine has been marginalized by the modern Anglo-American habits that connect the day with romantic love, there are some remaining associations that connect the saint with the advent of spring.

While the habit of sending cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts originated in the UK, Valentine's Day still stays connected to various regional customs in the UK. In Norfolk, a character called 'Jack' Valentine knocked on the back door of the house containing candies and gifts for the kids. Though he leaves treat, many children are afraid of this mystical person.

In Slovenia, Saint Valentine or Zdravko is one of the spring saints, a healthy saint and patron of beekeepers and pilgrims. The saying goes that "Saint Valentine brings the keys of the root". Plants and flowers begin to grow on this day. It has been celebrated as the day when the first work in the vineyards and in the fields began. It is also said that birds apply to each other or marry on that day. Another proverb says "Valentine - prvi spomladin" ("Valentine - the spring saint"), as in some places (especially White Carniola), Saint Valentine marks the beginning of spring. Valentine's Day has just been celebrated as a day of love. The day of love is traditionally March 12, the day of Saint Gregory, or February 22, Saint Vincent Day. The patron of love is Saint Anthony, who is celebrated today on 13 June.

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Connection with romantic love

Lupercalia

There is no evidence of a relationship between St. Valentine's Day and the rites of the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, despite many claims by many authors. The celebration of Santa Valentine did not have a romantic connotation until Chaucer's poem about "Valentines" in the 14th century. Popular modern sources claim links to an unspecified February Greco-Roman holiday allegedly destined for fertility and love to St. Petersburg Day. Valentine, but before Chaucer in the 14th century, there was no connection between the saints named Valentinus and romantic love.

In Ancient Rome, Lupercalia, observed 13-15 February, is an ancient ritual associated with fertility. Lupercalia is a local festival to the city of Rome. The more common Juno Februa festival, meaning "Juno the purifier" or "the chaste Juno", is celebrated on February 13-14. Pope Gelasius I (492-496) abolished Lupercalia. Some researchers theorize that Gelasius I replaced Lupercalia with the celebration of Purifying the Blessed Virgin Mary and claimed a relationship with the 14th-century connotations of romantic love, but there is no historical indication that he ever wanted such a thing. Also, the dates do not match because at the time of Gelasius I, the feast was only celebrated in Jerusalem, and it was on February 14 just because Jerusalem placed the Birth of Jesus (Christmas) on January 6th. Although it is called "Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary," it also relates to the presentation of Jesus in the temple. The Purification of Jerusalem from the Blessed Virgin Mary on 14 February became the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple on February 2 when it was introduced to Rome and other places in the sixth century, after the time of Gelasius I.

Alban Butler in his book Lifes of the Principal Saints (1756-1759) claimed without proof that men and women in Lupercalia drew names from jars to pair, and that modern Valentine's letters stem from this custom. In fact, this practice came from the Middle Ages, with no connection to Lupercalia, with men drawing random girl names to pair them. This custom was fought by priests, for example by Frances de Sales around 1600, apparently by substituting the religious custom of the girls who drew the names of apostles from the altar. However, this religious custom was recorded immediately after the 13th century in the life of Saint Elizabeth of Hungary, so it could have a different origin.

burung cinta Chaucer

Jack B. Oruch wrote that the first recording association of Valentine's Day with romantic love was at Parlement of Foules (1382) by Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer writes:

"For this is the day Seynt Volantynys Whan euery bryd comyth there to make his chese. "

["For this on St. Valentine's Day, when every bird comes to choose his mate."]

This poem was written in honor of the first anniversary of the engagement of King Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia. A treaty governing marriage was signed on May 2, 1381.

The reader uncritically assumes that Chaucer refers to February 14 as Valentine's Day; However, mid-February is an impossible time for birds to mate in England. Henry Ansgar Kelly has observed that Chaucer may have in mind on the feast day of St. Valentine of Genoa, the early bishop of Genoa who died around 307 AD; it may be celebrated on May 3rd. Jack B. Oruch notes that the date at which the spring began has changed since Chaucer's time due to the precession of the equinox and the more accurate Gregorian calendar introduction only in 1582. On the Julian calendar used during Chaucer's time, February 14 will have fallen on the present day called February 23, a time when some birds have begun to mate and lodge in England.

Chaucer Parliament Foule refers to a predetermined tradition, but there is no record of such traditions before Chaucer. The speculative derivation of the sentimental habits of the past begins with the relics of the 18th century, especially Alban Butler, the author of Butler's Lives of Saints, and has been immortalized even by distinguished modern scholars. Especially, "the idea that the Valentine's Day customs perpetuated people from Roman Lupercalia has been accepted uncritically and repeatedly, in various forms, to date".

Three other authors made poems about bird marriage on St. Valentine's Day around the same year: Otton de Grandson of Savoy, John Gower of England, and a knight named Pardo of Valencia. Chaucer most likely preceded them all but, because of the difficulty of dating medieval works, it is impossible to ascertain which of the four men had ideas and influenced others.

Court love

The earliest explanation of Feb. 14 as the annual celebration of love appears in the Love Court Charter . The charter, allegedly issued by Charles VI of France at Mantes-la-Jolie in 1400, depicts the fancy celebrations that some royal court members will attend, including a feast, romance, jousting and dancing competition, song and poetry. In the midst of this celebration, the women present will hear and decide disputes from lovers. There is no other record of the tribunal, and none of those mentioned in the charter are present in Mantes except for queen Charles, Isabeau from Bavaria, who may have imagined it all while waiting for the plague.

Valentine's Poems

The first surviving Valentine was a 15th century rondeau authored by Charles, Duke of Orlà © ans to his wife, who began.

"I feel brownish love My very sad Valentine's Day... "

At that time, the Duke was being held at the Tower of London after his capture at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415.

The earliest surviving valentines in English seem to be the ones in the Letter of the Father, written in 1477 by Margery Brewes for her future husband, John Paston, "My beloved right beloved".

Valentine's Day is called Sad by Ophelia at William Shakespeare Hamlet (1600-1601):

"The next day is Saint Valentine's Day,
All tomorrow morning,
And I'm a maid in your window, Site To be your Valentine.
Then he got up, and put on his clothes,
And dupp'd the room door;
Leave it in the waiter, it comes out the maid Never leave again. "

John Donne uses the marriage legend of the birds as a starting point for his epithelium celebrating Elizabeth's marriage, the daughter of James I of England, and Frederick V, Elector Palatine, on Valentine's Day:

"The Hayle Bishop Valentine who is here today

All Ayre is Your Diocese
And all the Queristers chirping And the other birds are your parish members You marry each one of you Lyrick Lark, and the grave whispering Doue,
The Sparrow who ignores his life for loue,
Birds of housework with redd stomacher
You make Blackbird speede as one,
Like Goldfinch, or Halcyon
The Husband Cock looks out and so there is spedd And met his wife, who brought his fur bed Today is more cheerful than ever Today that may be fueling your old valentine. "

The verse of the "Red Rose" echo convention can be traced back as far as epic Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queene (1590):

"He bathed with red roses, and violet flowers explode,
And all the sweetest flowres, which in the forrest grow. "

Modern cliches of Valentine's Day cliches can be found in the collection of English poems Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784):

"Red roses, purple blue,

Honey is sweet, and so are you You are my love and I am yours; I draw you to my Valentine: Site A lot of thrown and then I draw,
And Fortune says that you will be you. "

Modern time

In 1797, the British publisher published the Author of Valentine's Letter, , which contains a large number of sentimental verses suggested for young lovers who can not write their own. The printer has started producing a limited number of cards with poems and sketches, called "mechanical valentines". Paper Valentines became very popular in the UK in the early 19th century that they gathered at the factory. Fancy Valentines are made with original lace and tape, with paper lace introduced in the mid-19th century. In 1835, 60,000 Valentine cards were mailed in the UK, although postage was expensive.

Post-rate reductions after Sir Rowland Hill's postal reform with the discovery of 1840 (Penny Black) stamps saw the number of Valentines increases, with 400,000 shipped just one year after its discovery, and ushered in less personal but easier practice. sending Valentines. It made it possible for the first time to exchange cards anonymously, which was taken as the reason for the emergence of racial poetry in the Victorian era that were generally nuanced thugs. Production increases, "Cupid's Manufactory" as Charles Dickens calls it, with over 3,000 women working in manufacturing. The Laura Seddon Greeting Cards Collection at Manchester Metropolitan University collected 450 Valentine's Day cards dating from the early nineteenth century England, printed by major publishers that day. This collection appears in Seddon Victorian Valentines (1996).

In the United States, the first mass-produced Valentines of Embossed Paper Lace was produced and sold shortly after 1847 by Esther Howland (1828-1904) from Worcester, Massachusetts. His father operated a bookstore and a large stationery, but Howland took his inspiration from the English Valentine he received from his father's business partner. Intrigued by the idea of ​​making a similar Valentines, Howland started his business by importing paper laces and floral decorations from England. A writer at Graham's American Monthly observed in 1849, "The day of Saint Valentine... became, never, a national holy day." The English practice of sending Valentine cards is steady enough to be displayed as a plot tool in Elizabeth Gaskell. Harrison Confessions (1851): "I explained with my explanation: 'Valentine that I do not know anything.' 'It's in your handwriting', he says coldly. "Since 2001, the Greeting Card Association has awarded the annual Esther Howland Award for Visionary Greeting Cards.

Since the 19th century, handwritten notes have given way to mass-produced greeting cards. In the UK, just under half of the population spend money on their Valentines, and around Ã, £ 1.9 billion is spent in 2015 on cards, flowers, chocolates, and other gifts. The trade of Valentine's Day of the 19th century is a sign of further commercialized holidays in the US to follow.

In 1868, the British chocolate company Cadbury created the Fancy Boxes - a decorated chocolate box - in the shape of a heart for Valentine's Day. The box of chocolates quickly became associated with the holidays. In the second half of the 20th century, card exchange practices were extended to all kinds of gifts, such as giving jewelry.

The US Greeting Card Association estimates that about 190 million valentines are sent annually in the US. Half of the affection is given to family members other than husband or wife, usually for children. When a valentine exchange card made in school activities is included, the number reaches 1 billion, and the teacher becomes the one who receives the most valentine. Average valentine spending has increased annually in the US, from $ 108 per person in 2010 to $ 131 in 2013.

The emergence of Internet popularity at the turn of the millennium is creating a new tradition. Millions of people use, every year, the digital means to create and send Valentine's Day greeting messages such as e-cards, love coupons, or printable greeting cards. It is estimated that 15 million e-valentines were delivered in 2010. Valentine's Day is considered by some to be Hallmark holidays due to commercialization.

In modern times, liturgically, the Anglican Church has a service for St. Valentine (St. Valentine's Day), which includes an optional rite of vows renewal. In 2016, the Catholic Bishops of England and Wales established a novena prayer "to support single people looking for a life partner ahead of St. Valentine's Day."

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Celebrations and statuses around the world

Valentine's Day habits were developed in early modern England and spread throughout the English-speaking world in the 19th century. In the twentieth and twentieth centuries these habits spread to other countries, but their influence was more limited than in Halloween, or from the aspect of Christmas, (like Santa Claus).

Due to its concentrated marketing efforts, Valentine's Day is celebrated in several East Asian countries with China and South Korea spending the most money on Valentine's gifts.

America

Latin America

In most Latin American countries, for example, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Puerto Rico, Saint Valentine's Day is known as DÃÆ'a de los Enamorados (day lover) or as DÃÆ'a del Amor y la Amistad (Day of Love and Friendship). It's also common to see people doing "acts of appreciation" for their friends. In Guatemala is known as "DÃÆ'a del CariÃÆ' Â ± o" (Valentines Day). Some countries, especially the Dominican Republic and El Salvador, have a tradition called Amigo secreto ("secret friend"), which is a game similar to the Christmas tradition of Santa Secret.

In Brazil, He dos Namorados (lit. "Lovers Day" or "Boyfriends/Girlfriends Day") is celebrated on June 12, probably because it was the day before St. Anthony's day, known there as marriage marriage , when traditionally many single women perform popular rituals, called simpatias , to find a good husband or boyfriend. Couples exchange gifts, chocolates, cards, and wreaths. Valentine's Day February 14 is not celebrated at all because it usually falls too little before or too little after the Brazilian Carnival - which can fall anywhere from early February to early March and lasts nearly a week. Due to the absence of Valentine's Day and due to carnival celebrations, Brazil is recommended by US. News & amp; World Report as a holiday destination during February for Western singles who want to get away from the holidays.

Colombia celebrates DÃÆ'a del amor y la amistad on the third Saturday of September. Amigo Secreto is also popular there.

United States

In the United States, about 190 million Valentine's Day cards are sent annually, excluding hundreds of millions of school-exchange cards.

Valentine's Day is the main source of economic activity, with total spending in 2017 reaching $ 18.2 billion by 2017, or more than $ 136 per person. This represents an increase of $ 108 per person by 2010.

Asia

China

In Chinese, Valentine's Day is called a lovers festival (simplified Chinese: traditional Chinese: ; Mandarin: Q? ng RÃÆ' Â © n JiÃÆ'Â © ; Hokkien: ChÃÆ'ªng LÃÆ'Ânn Chiat ; Cantonese: ChÃÆ'¬hng YÃÆ' hn Jit ; Shanghainese Xin Yin Jiq ). "Chinese Valentine's Day" is the Qixi Festival, which is celebrated on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. It commemorates the day in which the legendary cattle herders and weavers are allowed to be together. In Chinese culture, there is an older adherence associated with lovers, called "The Night of Sevens" (Chinese: ?? ; pinyin: Qi Xi ). According to legend, Cowherd stars and Weaver Maid stars are usually separated by the Milky Way (silvery river) but allowed to meet by crossing it on the 7th day of the 7th month of the Chinese calendar.

In recent years, celebrating White Day has also become a fashion among young people.

India

In India, in ancient times, there was a tradition of worshiping Kamadeva, the master of love; exemplified by erotic carvings in the Khajuraho Monument Group and by the inscription of Kamasutra . This tradition disappeared around the Middle Ages, when Kamadeva was no longer celebrated, and the public display of sexual affection became disliked. The suppression of public affection began to slacken in the 1990s.

The celebration of Valentine's Day did not take place in India until about 1992. It spread because of programs on commercial TV channels, such as MTV, special radio programs, and love letter competition, in addition to economic liberalization that enabled the explosion of the valentine card industry. Economic liberalization also helps the Valentine card industry. The celebration has caused a sharp change in how people have displayed their affection in public since the Middle Ages.

In modern times, Hindu and Islamic traditionalists regard the holiday as cultural contamination from the West, due to globalization in India. Shiv Sena and Sangh Parivar have asked their followers to avoid holidays and "public love recognition" because they are "foreign to Indian culture". Although these protests are organized by political elites, the protesters themselves are middle-class Hindus who fear that globalization will destroy tradition in their society: matches, families with Hindus, full-time mothers, etc.

Apart from these obstacles, Valentine's Day is becoming increasingly popular in India.

Valentine's Day has been heavily criticized from a postcolonial perspective by intellectuals from the left of India. This holiday is regarded as a front for "Western imperialism", "neocolonialism", and "exploitation of the working class through commercialism by multinational corporations". It is said that as a result of Valentine's Day, the working class and the rural poor become more socially, politically, and geographically disconnected from the hegemonic capitalist power structure. They also criticized the mainstream media attacks on Indians who oppose Valentine's Day as a form of demonization designed and deployed to continue Valentine's Day agenda. The right-wing Hindu nationalists are also hostile. In February 2012, Subash Chouhan of Bajrang Dal warned the couple that "They can not kiss or hug in public places and our activists will defeat them". He said "We are not against love, but we criticize the show of vulgar love in public places".

Iran

In the first part of the 21st century, the celebration of Valentine's Day in Iran has been heavily criticized by Islamic teachers who saw the celebration as opposed to Islamic culture. In 2011, Iran's printing unions worked to issue a directive prohibiting the printing and distribution of any goods promoting the holidays, including cards, gifts, and teddy bears. "Printing and producing any items related to today include posters, boxes or cards emblazoned with heart or half hearts, red roses and any activity promoting today is prohibited... This outbreaking outlet will be handled legally", the union workers are warned.

In Iran, Sepandarmazgan, or Esfandegan, is a festival where people express love for their mothers and wives, and it is also a celebration of the earth in ancient Persian culture. This has been increasingly forgotten for the celebration of Valentine's Day in the West. The Association of Cultures and Natural Phenomena Iran has been trying since 2006 to make Sepandarmazgan a national holiday on February 17, to replace a Western holiday.

Israel

In Israel, the Jewish tradition of Tu B'Av has been revived and transformed into the equivalent of Valentine's Day. It is celebrated on the 15th of Av month (usually at the end of August). In ancient times the girls would wear white gowns and dance in the vineyards, where children would wait for them (Mishna Taanith end of Chapter 4). Today, Tu B'Av is celebrated as a second love holiday by secular people (along with Valentine's Day), and shares many of the habits associated with Saint Valentine's Day in western society. In modern Israeli culture, Tu B'Av is a popular day to proclaim love, propose marriage, and give gifts like cards or flowers.

Japanese

In Japan, Morozoff Ltd. introduced the holiday for the first time in 1936, when running ads intended for foreigners. Then, in 1953, he began promoting the gift of heart-shaped chocolate; other Japanese candy companies followed afterward. In 1958, the Isetan department store runs a "Valentine sale". Further campaigns during the 1960s popularized the habit.

The habit that only women who give chocolates to men may be derived from a translation error from brown company executives during the initial campaign. In particular, office women give chocolate to their co-workers. Unlike western countries, gifts such as greeting cards, candy, flowers, or dinner dates are not common, and most gift-related activities are about giving the right amount of chocolate to everyone. Japanese chocolate companies make up half of their annual sales this year.

Many women feel obliged to give chocolate to all male colleagues, except when the day falls on a Sunday, holiday. This is known as giri-choko (?????), from giri ("obligation") and choko , ("chocolate") , with unpopular coworkers receiving only "compulsory chocolate" ch? -giri choko . This contrasts with honmei-choko (?????, lit. "true feeling chocolate"), a chocolate that is given to a loved one. Friends, especially women, can exchange chocolates known as tomo-choko (????); from tomo meaning "friend".

In the 1980s, the National Biscuit Industry Association of Japan launched a successful campaign to make March 14 a "day of recompense," in which men were expected to pay back to those who gave them chocolates on Valentine's Day, calling it White Day for the brown color offered. Previous failed attempts to popularize this celebration have been made by marshmallow manufacturers who want men to return marshmallows to women.

The men are expected to return a present that is at least two or three times more valuable than a gift received on Valentine's Day. Not returning a gift is considered a person who places himself in a position of superiority, even if reason is given. Returning a gift of the same value is considered a way of saying that the relationship is being cut. Initially only chocolates were given, but now the gift of jewelry, accessories, clothing, and regular underwear. According to White Day's official website, white color is chosen because of the color of sanctity, evoking "pure and sweet adolescent love", and therefore the color of sugar. The initial name is "Ai ni Kotaeru White Day" (Love's Answer on White Day).

In Japan, the romantic "date night" associated with Valentine's Day is celebrated on Christmas Eve.

In a 2006 survey of people between the ages of 10 and 49 in Japan, Oricon Style found Sayuri Kokush 1986? the single "Valentine Kiss" became the most popular Valentine's Day song, although it only sold 317,000 copies. The single defeated in the rankings is the number one selling "Love Love Love" from Dreams Come True (2,488,630 copies) and "Valentine's Radio" from Yumi Matsutoya (1,606,780 copies). The last song in the top five is "My Funny Valentine" by Miles Davis.

In Japan, a slightly different version of the holiday based on a beloved story called Tanabata (??) has been celebrated for centuries, on July 7 (Gregorian calendar). This has been regarded by Westerners as St. Valentine.

Lebanon

Saint Valentine is the patron saint of most of the Lebanese population. Couples take the opportunity of Valentine's Day to exchange sweet words and gifts as proof of love. Such gifts usually include a box of chocolates, a bowl cake, and a red rose, which is considered a symbol of sacrifice and passion.

The Lebanese people celebrate Valentine's Day in different ways in every city. In Beirut, men invite women to eat and can buy them presents. Many women are asked to get married on that day. In Sidon, Valentine's Day is celebrated with the whole family - it's more about family love than couple's love.

Malaysia

Muslim officials in West Malaysia warned Muslims not to celebrate Valentine's Day, linking it with deputy activities. Deputy Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin said the romantic love celebration "does not fit" for Muslims. Wan Mohamad Sheikh Abdul Aziz, head of the Malaysian Department of Islamic Development (Jakim), who oversaw Islamic policy in the country, said that the fatwa (decree) issued by the country's top cleric in 2005 noted that the day was' linked to elements of Christianity , 'and' we can not engage in the worship rituals of other religions. 'Jakim officials plan to conduct a national campaign called "Valentine's Day of the Trap" ("Valentine's Day Trap Mind"), aimed at preventing Muslims from celebrating the day on February 14, 2011. Activities include raiding in hotels to stop young couples from sexually abusive sex and distributing flyers to Muslim students who warned them against the day.

On Valentine's Day 2011, West Malaysia religious authorities arrested more than 100 Muslim couples about a ban on celebrations. Some of them will be prosecuted in Sharia Courts for opposing departmental ban on Valentine's Day celebrations.

In East Malaysia, the celebration is much more tolerable among young Muslim couples although some Muslim officials and Muslim activists from the West have told the younger generation to refrain from celebrating by setting up da'wah and trying to spread their ban to the East. In both states of Sabah and Sarawak, celebrations are usually common with interest.

Pakistan

The Valentine's Day concept was introduced to Pakistan in the late 1990s with special TV and radio programs. The Jamaat-e-Islami political party calls for the ban on Valentine's Day celebrations. Nevertheless, this celebration became popular among urban youth and flower shops hoping to sell large amounts of flowers, especially red roses. The case is the same as the card issuer.

In 2016, Peshwar's body officially bans Valentine's Day celebrations in the city. The ban is also applied in other cities like Kohat by the local government.

In 2017, the Islamabad High Court banned Valentine's Day celebrations in public places in Pakistan.

Philippines

In the Philippines, Valentine's Day is called Araw ng mga Puso the same way as in the West. Usually characterized by a sharp increase in interest rates, especially red roses. This is the most popular day for weddings, with some areas offering mass ceremonies at no cost.

Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, in 2002 and 2008, religious police banned the sale of all Valentine's Day items, telling shop workers to remove all red stuff, because it was considered a Christian holiday. This ban has created a black market for roses and wrapping paper. In 2012, the religious police arrested over 140 Muslims to celebrate the holidays, and seized all the red roses from the flower shop. Muslims are not allowed to celebrate the holidays, and non-Muslims can celebrate just behind closed doors.

"Saudi cleric Sheikh Muhammad Al-'Arifi told Valentine Day Eve that celebrating this holiday is a bid'a - forbidden innovation and a deviation from religious law and customs - and Western mimicry."

Singapore

According to the findings, Singaporeans are one of the largest producers on Valentine's Day, with 60% of Singaporeans showing that they will spend between $ 100 and $ 500 during the holiday season.

South Korea

In South Korea, women give chocolate to men on February 14, and men give non-chocolate candy to women on March 14 (White Day). On April 14 (Black Day), those who did not receive anything in February or March 14 went to a Chinese-Korean restaurant to eat black noodles (??? ) and mourned 'single life' them. Koreans also celebrated Pepero's Day on November 11, when the young couple gave each other a Pepero cake. Date '11/11' is meant to resemble a long form of cookie. The 14th of each month marks a day related to love in Korea, although most of them are unclear. From January to December: Candle Day, Valentine's Day, White Day, Black Day, Rose Day, Kiss Day, Silver Day, Green Day, Music Day, Wine Day, Movie Day and Hug Day. Korean women provide far more chocolate than Japanese women.

Taiwan

In Taiwan, the traditional Qixi Festival, Valentine's Day, and White Day are celebrated. However, the situation is the opposite of Japan. Men give gifts to women on Valentine's Day, and women return them on White Day.

Europe

United Kingdom

In England , only half of the population spend money on their Valentines and around Ã, £ 1.3bn is spent annually on cards, flowers, chocolates and other gifts, with an estimated 25 million cards shipped.

At Wales , some people celebrated Dydd Santes Dwynwen ( St Dwynwen's Day ) on January 25 instead of (or also) Valentine's Day. Today commemorates St. Dwynwen, the patron saint of Welsh love.

Nama Welsh untuk Saint Valentine adalah 'Sant Ffolant'.

Irlanda

On Saint Valentine's Day in Ireland, many people looking for true love make a Christian pilgrimage to the Shrine of St. Valentine at Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church in Dublin, which is said to be a relic of Saint Valentine of Rome; they pray at the temple in hopes of finding romance. There is a book where foreigners and locals write their prayer requests for love.

Finland and Estonia

In Finland, Valentine's Day is called ystÃÆ'¤vÃÆ'¤npÃÆ'¤ivÃÆ'¤ translated to "Friend's Day". As the name suggests, today is more about remembering friends, not significant others. In Estonia, Valentine's Day is called sÃÆ'ÂμbrapÃÆ'¤ev , which has the same meaning.

French

In France, a traditionally Catholic country, Valentine's Day is known simply as "Saint Valentin", and is celebrated in the same way as other western countries.

Greek

St. John's Day Valentine, or ????? ??? ????? ?????????? in Greek tradition is not associated with romantic love. In the Eastern Orthodox church there is another Saint who protects the fallen in love, the Hyacinth of Caesarea (the feast of July 3), but this was not widely known until the late 1990s. In contemporary Greece, Valentine's Day is generally celebrated as it is in general. Western tradition.

Portugal

In Portugal, the holidays are known as "Dia dos Namorados" (Day of the Enamored). As elsewhere, couples exchange gifts, but in some areas, women give lenÃÆ'§o de namorados ("lover's handkerchief"), which is usually embroidered with a love motive.

Romanian

In recent years, Romania has also started celebrating Valentine's Day. This has attracted reactions from some nationalist groups, institutions and organizations such as Noua Dreapt ?, who condemned Valentine's Day for being superficial, commercialist, and Western kitsch imports. In order to counter the perceived denaturation of the national culture, Dragobete, a spring festival celebrated in some parts of Southern Romania, has been revived after being ignored during Communist years as a traditional Romanian holiday for lovers. The holidays are named after the character of Romanian folklore who should be the son of Baba Dochia. The date used varies depending on the geographic area, but is now generally observed on 24 February.

Scandinavia

In Denmark and Norway, February 14 is known as Valentinsdag , and is celebrated in the same way as in England. In Sweden it is called Alla hjÃÆ'¤rtans dag ("All Hearts' Day") and is not widely celebrated. A 2016 survey revealed that less than 50% of men and women plan to buy gifts for their partners. Vacation has only been observed since the 1960s.

Spanish

In Spain, Valentine's Day is known as "San ValentÃÆ'n" and is celebrated in the same way as in other Western parts.

Aussies to cough up $528m on Valentine's Day, but is it on its ...
src: static.domain.com.au


Valentine's Day in popular culture

  • Arizona accepted at Union as the 48th state of the United States on Valentine's Day, 1912.
  • Many films have been produced that portray various aspects of Valentine's Day:
    • A Charlie Brown Valentine (2002)

California Inc.: Nearly $20 billion in spending expected for ...
src: www.latimes.com


See also

  • He dos Namorados
  • valentine Sailor
  • The Saint Valentine's Massacre
  • Single Awareness Day
  • Steak and Blowjob Days
  • Valentine's Day (2010 movie)
  • V-Day, a global movement to end violence against women and girls.
  • The March Women Memorial, held on Valentine's Day in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Valentine's Day gift ideas for him or her - Lantern Club
src: www.lanternclub.com.au


References

Information notes

Quotes

Bibliografi

  • Ansgar Kelly, Henry (1986), "The Valentines of February", Chaucer dan kultus Saint Valentine , Davis teks dan studi abad pertengahan, 5 , BRILL, ISBNÂ 978-90-04-07849-9

valentines day pictures history bydk valentines day sf hd 1104×622 ...
src: valentinesdaypictures.info


Tautan eksternal

  • Hari Saint Valentine - BBC
  • Siapa St Valentine? - Gereja Kristen St Peter Ortodoks
  • "The History of Valentine's Day". History.com.
  • Sejarah Hari Valentine di Wayback Machine (diarsipkan 7 Februari 2010) - History.com , A & amp; E Television Networks. Diakses 2 Februari 2010.
  • Sejarah Hari Valentine Kekristenan Hari Ini Internasional . Diakses 2 Februari 2010; "Kemudian Lagi Mungkin Jangan Menjadi Valentine Saya", Ted Olsen, 2000-01-02
  • "Basilika Santo Valentine di Terni". virtualmuseum.ca. Diarsipkan dari yang asli pada 16 Februari 2007.
  • Fedorova, Tatiana (14 Februari 2012). "St. Valentine". Pravmir . Diperoleh 4 Desember, 2012 .
  • Kisah St. Valentine - St. Valentine Dan Bunga-Nya

Source of the article : Wikipedia

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