Thomas Young The FRS (June 13, 1773 - May 10, 1829) was a polymath and English physician. Young made important scientific contributions to areas of vision, light, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. He "made a number of original and insightful innovations" in deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics (especially Rosetta Stone) before Jean-FranÃÆ'§ois Champollion eventually expanded his work. He is mentioned by, among others, William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell, and Albert Einstein. Young is described as "The Last Man Who Knew Everything".
Video Thomas Young (scientist)
Biography
Young belongs to the Quaker family of Milverton, Somerset, where he was born in 1773, the eldest of ten children. At the age of fourteen, Young had learned Greek and Latin and got acquainted with French, Italian, Hebrew, German, Aramaic, Syriac, Samaria, Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Amharic.
Young began studying medicine in London at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1792, moved to the University of Edinburgh Medical School in 1794, and a year later went to GÃÆ'¶ttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany, where he obtained a medical doctorate in 1796 from the University of GÃÆ'Â Young ttingen. In 1797 he entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge. That same year he inherited his uncle's estate, Richard Brocklesby, who made him financially independent, and in 1799 he established himself as a physician at 48 Welbeck Street, London (now recorded with a blue plaque). Young published many of his first academic articles anonymously to protect his reputation as a doctor.
In 1801, Young was appointed professor of natural philosophy (especially physics) at the Royal Institution. In two years, he sent 91 lectures. In 1802, he was appointed as the foreign secretary of the Royal Society, where he was elected a colleague in 1794. He resigned his professorship in 1803, fearing that his duties would interfere with his medical practice. His lecture was published in 1807 on the Course Course on Natural Philosophy and contained a number of later anticipatory theories.
In 1811, Young became a doctor at St George's Hospital, and in 1814 he served on a designated committee to consider the dangers involved in the introduction of gas for lighting to London. In 1816 he became commissioner commissioned commissioned to ensure the exact length of the second or pendulum seconds (pendulum length of 2 seconds), and in 1818 he became secretary of the Council of Longitudes and supervisors of the HM Almanak Bahari Office.
Young was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1822. A few years before his death he became interested in life insurance, and in 1827 he was chosen as one of eight foreign colleagues from the French Academy of Sciences. In 1828, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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Death, heritage and reputation
Thomas Young died in London on May 10, 1829, and was buried at St. Michael's cemetery. Giles in Farnborough, Kent, England. Westminster Abbey houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young who brought the tombstone by Hudson Gurney:
Holy to remember Thomas Young, M.D., Associate and Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society Member of the French National Institute; a man equally reputable in almost every department of human learning. The unintentional working patient, endowed with the faculty of intuitive perception, which, bringing the same mastery to the most impossible investigations of letters and science, first established the unnecessary light theory, and first penetrated the obscurity that had been veiled for years of hieroglyphs from Egypt. Fond of his friends by his domestic virtue, which is respected by the World for his unparalleled acquisition, he dies in the hope of the Resurrection of the just. - - Born in Milverton, in Somersetshire, 13 June 1773. Died at Park Square, London, 10 May 1829, in the 56th year at his age.
Young is highly respected by his friends and associates. He is said to never force his knowledge, but if asked to answer the most difficult scientific questions easily. Although highly educated he has a reputation for sometimes difficult to communicate his knowledge. It was said by one of his contemporaries that, "His words are not commonly used words, and the arrangement of his ideas is rarely the same as the one he talks to, so he is worse than anyone I have ever known for knowledge communication."
Scholars and scientists then praise Young's work even though they may know him only through the accomplishments he made in their field. His contemporary Sir John Herschel calls him "a genuinely authentic genius". Albert Einstein praised him in the 1931 preface for the Newton edition of Opticks. Other admirers include Lord Rayleigh physicist and Nobel laureate, Philip Anderson.
The name Thomas Young has been adopted as the London-based Thomas Young Center, an alliance of academic research groups involved in the theory and simulation of matter.
Research
Light wave theory
In Young's own judgment, of his many most important accomplishments is defining the theory of light waves. To do so, he must overcome the century-old view, stated in the noble Isaac Newton's Opticks, that light is a particle. However, at the beginning of the 19th century Young proposed a number of theoretical reasons that supported the wave theory of light, and he developed two long-lasting protests to support this point of view. With a ripple tank he shows the idea of ​​disturbance in the context of water waves. With Young's interference experiments, or multiple slit experiments, he shows disturbances in the context of light as waves.
"The experiment I will describe... can be repeated very easily, whenever the sun is shining, and without any equipment other than in the hands of everyone," is how Thomas Young, speaking on November 24, 1803, to the Royal Society of London, began his descriptions about historic experiments. His talks were published the following year Philosophical Transactions , and were destined to be classics, still reprinted and read today.
In a later paper titled Experiments and Relative Calculations of Physical Optics , published in 1804, Young describes an experiment in which he placed a narrow card (about 1/30 inch) in a beam of light from one opening in a window and observe the edges of colors in the shadows and to the sides of the cards. He observes that placing another card before or after a narrow strip prevents the light from the beam from striking one end causing the frinji to disappear. This supports the assumption that light consists of waves. Young performs and analyzes a number of experiments, including disturbance of light from reflections from adjacent micrometre pairs, from the reflections of thin soap and oil films, and from Newton's ring. He also performed two important diffraction experiments using fibers and long narrow strips. In his Lecture on the Philosophy of Nature and the Mechanical Art (1807) he gave Grimaldi credit for first observing the edges in the shadow of objects placed in a beam of light. Within ten years, most of Young's works were reproduced and later expanded by Fresnel. (Tony Rothman in Everything Relative and Another Tale of Science and Technology argues that there is no clear evidence that Young actually did a two-slit experiment. See also Newton wave-particles duality .)
Young Modulus
Young describes the characterization of elasticity which came to be known as Young's modulus, denoted as E , in 1807, and subsequently described in his Lecture on Natural Philosophy and Mechanical Arts. I.
However, the first use of the Young modulus concept in the experiment was by Giordano Riccati in 1782 - forging Young for 25 years.
Furthermore, the idea can be traced to a paper by Leonhard Euler published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young's 1807 paper.
Young's modulus connects stress (pressure) in the body with the associated strain (changes in length as the ratio of the original length); ie, stress = E ÃÆ' â € "strain, for the uniaxially loaded specimen. Young's modulus is independent of the components under study; that is, it is an inherent material property (the modulus refers to the inherent property property). Young's modulus allows, for the first time, predicted strain in components subject to known stress (and vice versa). Prior to Young's contribution, the engineer was asked to apply the Hooke relationship F = kx to identify the deformation (x) from the body subject to a known load (F), where the constant (k) is a function of both geometry and material under consideration. Finding k requires physical testing for each new component, because the relation F = kx is a function of geometry and material. Young's modulus depends only on matter, not geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategy.
Young's problem in sometimes not expressing himself is clearly indicated by the definition of his own modulus: "The modulus of elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance, capable of producing pressure on its base which causes a certain degree of compression because the length of the substance is reduced in length." When this explanation is given to Lords of the Admiralty, their employee writes to Young saying "Though science is highly respected by their Lordship and your paper is greatly appreciated, it is too studied... in short it is not understood."
Vision and color theory
Young has also been called the founder of physiological optics. In 1793 he explained the mode in which the eye adjusts itself to the vision at different distances as depending on the change in curvature of the crystal lens; in 1801 he was the first to describe astigmatism; and in his lecture he presented the hypothesis, then developed by Hermann von Helmholtz, (Young-Helmholtz's theory), that the perception of color depends on the presence in the retina of three types of nerve fibers. This predicts the modern understanding of color vision, particularly the finding that the eye does have three color receptors that are sensitive to different wavelength ranges.
Young-Laplace's Equation
In 1804 Young developed the theory of capillary phenomena on the principle of surface tension. He also observed the firmness of the contact angles of the liquid surface with solids, and showed how of these two principles to infer capillary action phenomena. In 1805, Pierre-Simon Laplace, the French philosopher, discovered the significance of meniscus radius with respect to capillaries.
In 1830, Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician, united the work of these two scientists to derive the Young-Laplace equation, a formula that illustrates the difference in capillary pressure maintained across the interface between two static liquids.
Young is the first to define the term "energy" in the modern sense.
Young's equations and equations Young-Duprà ©  ©
The Young equation describes the angle of contact of liquid droplets on the solid surface of the aircraft as a function of surface free energy, interface free energy and liquid surface tension. Young's equations were developed further about 60 years later by DuprÃÆ' © to account for the effects of thermodynamics, and this is known as the Young-Duprà © equation ©.
Medicine
In Young physiology made an important contribution to hemodynamics in Croatian linguistics for the year 1808 on "Heart and Artery Functions," where he obtained the formula for pulse wave velocity and his medical writings including An Introduction to Medical. Literature , including Practical Systems of Nosology (1813) and A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumer Diseases (1815).
Young devised a rule of thumb for determining the dosage of child medication. Young's rule states that a child's dose equals the adult dosage multiplied by the child's age in a few years, divided by the number 12 plus the child's age.
Language
In the appendix for this GÃÆ'¶ttingen dissertation (1796; "The physical viribvs hvmani conservatricibvs De") There are four pages added proposing a phonetic alphabet that is universal (so as not to leave blank pages; lit: "What is unpeopled maintenance of this page, choose from praelectione to holding discussions on the desk describing fast Universal "). It includes 16 "pure" vocal symbols, nasal vowels, various consonants, and these examples, drawn mainly from France and England.
In his article "Language", Young compares the grammar and vocabulary of 400 languages. In a separate work in 1813, he introduced the Indo-European term, 165 years after Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn proposed a grouping referring to this term in 1647.
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Young made a significant contribution in the breakdown of Egyptian hieroglyphs. He started his ancient Egyptian work somewhat later, in 1813, when the work was already taking place among other researchers.
He started by using the Egyptian demotic alphabet of 29 letters built by Johan David ÃÆ'â € | kerblad in 1802 (14 was not true). ÃÆ'â € | kerblad is correct in emphasizing the importance of demotic texts in trying to read inscriptions, but he mistakenly believes that demotics are entirely alphabetic.
In 1814 Young had fully translated the "secret" text of the Rosetta Stone (using the list with 86 demotic words), and then studied the hieroglyphic alphabet but initially failed to recognize that demotic and hieroglyphic texts were paraphrasing rather than simple translation.
There is considerable competition between Young and Jean-FranÃÆ'§ois Champollion while both work on hieroglyphic breakdown. At first they worked together briefly in their work, but then, from about 1815, a sense of cold emerged between them. For years they kept their work details from each other.
Some Young conclusions appear in the famous "Egyptian" article he wrote for the 1818 edition of the Encyclopæd Britannica .
When Champollion finally published hieroglyphic and key translations for grammar systems in 1822, Young (and many others) praised his work. However, a year later Young published a new Discover Account in the Hieroglyphic Literature and Egyptian Antiquities, in order that his own work be recognized as the basis for the Champollion system.
Young has correctly found the sound value of the six hieroglyphic marks, but does not infer the grammar. Young, himself, admits that he is somewhat aggrieved because Champollion's knowledge of relevant languages, such as Coptic, is much greater.
Some scholars argue that Young's true contribution to Egyptology is the deciphering of his demotic texts. He made the first major advance in this field; it also identifies demotis correctly as composed by ideographic and phonetic signs.
Furthermore, Young feels that Champollion does not want to share credit for decomposition. In the ensuing controversy, which was greatly motivated by the political tensions of the time, Britain tended to fight for Young, while France fought more for Champollion. Champollion did acknowledge some of Young's contributions, but rather sparingly. However, after 1826, when Champollion was the curator at the Louvre, he offered Young access to a demotic manuscript.
In England, while Sir George Lewis still doubts Champollion's achievements until the end of 1862, others are more receptive. For example, Reginald Poole, and Sir Peter Le Page Renouf both defend Champollion.
Music
He developed the Young temperament, the method of tuning the musical instrument.
Religious view
Although he sometimes deals with historical religious topics in Egypt and writes about the history of Christianity in Nubia, little is known about Young's personal religious views. On the story of George Peacock, Young never talks to him about morals, metaphysics, or religion, though according to Young's wife, his attitude shows that "Quaker's education profoundly influences his religious practice." The sources of authority portray Young in terms of Quaker Christian culture.
Hudson Gurney informs that before her marriage, Young had to join the Church of England, and was baptized later. After his work on physics received some criticism from Henry Brougham, Young stated: "I have decided to restrict my study and my pen to medical subjects only For the talents that God has not given me, I am irresponsible, but those I own, until now I have cultivated and worked diligently because my opportunities have enabled me to do so, and I will continue to apply them with meticulousness, and in serenity, to the profession that has always been the main goal of all my work.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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