Indonesia, especially the Japanese and South Korean vehicle assembly brands, is Southeast Asia's largest producer of autos in January-April 2015 with 36.54% (363,945) market share, while Thailand is second with 25.29%. Since 2012, Indonesia's automotive product exports are higher in value than their imports.
The first motor vehicle arriving in Indonesia is reported to have been a German Hildebrand & amp; Two-cylinder motorcycle Wolfmöller, brought by British rider John C Potter who is a machinist at Oemboel Sugar Factory in Probolinggo, East Java. The first car arrived shortly thereafter, a 1894 Benz Viktoria belonging to Pakubuwono X, Susuhunan of Surakarta.
Video Automotive industry in Indonesia
Program pemerintah
From 1969, the National Plan for Industrial Development aimed to replace imports in all manufacturing fields. A series of laws were enacted in subsequent years to create this situation. A gradual limitation on imported CBU vehicles was introduced, achieving a complete ban on CBU in 1974. The localization program began with Decision no. 307 of 1976, which led to another decision designed to minimize harmful effects. Beginning in 1980, new regulations were also imposed to inhibit the spread of the brand, with the government limiting local assembly to 71 models from 42 different brands. All assemblers and agents must be forced into eight separate groups to make everything except machines. The machine must be supplied by a separate company. GAAKINDO, largely composed of small indigenous operations, opposed these programs and also had a vocal anti-Chinese leader from 1981 to 1984. The companies that most supported the localization were large Chinese companies such as Liem Group and P.T. Astra Motor.
In 1981, the Government stated that no engine built in Indonesia would be less than a liter of displacement in 1985. As a result, local microvans and truck manufacturers rushed to install larger engines. Daihatsu and Suzuki already produce engines that are suitable for other vehicles, but Mitsubishi does and uses Daihatsu engines for several years, while Honda withdraws from the mini pick-up/microvan segment. In October 1982, VAT for certain diesel vehicles was raised dramatically. Diesel and station wagon sedans, as well as diesel off-roaders, were hit with 40 percent VAT, while light commercial vehicles (Category 1) in the form of small trucks, pickups, and passenger vans received twenty percent VAT. Some commentators expect this to spell the end of diesel vehicles in Indonesia.
Low Cost Green Car
In 2007 Indonesia announced a series of tax incentives intended to help develop "Low Cost Low Cost Car" (LCGC) as Mobil Rakyat Indonesia. The initial rule requires low prices, set lower for villagers, minimum fuel efficiency of 20 km/l (56 mpg -imp ; 47 mpg -US ), and at least 60 percent of domestic content. Some projects are shown but none are successfully marketed, and in May 2013 a series of new regulations are issued, which means 0% luxury tax for cars under 1200 cc (1,500 cc for diesel engines) as long as they can meet the same 20. km/l mileage destination. Luxury goods taxes are between 50 and 75 percent for larger and fuel-efficient vehicles.
Maps Automotive industry in Indonesia
Association
From 1969 to 1975, single agents and assemblers were represented by a separate group, GAM (Joint Asembler Mobil) and GAKINDO. In 1972 the government decided that assemblers and agents were consolidated and since 1975 the industry was represented by the united GAAKINDO trade group ( Indonesian Motor Vehicles and Assemblers Association , "Association of Indonesian Single Agents and Automotive Cars "). In the first half of the 1980s, GAAKINDO was a loud opponent of the government's localization program. In 1985, the group was consolidated again into a new organization called GAIKINDO ( Indonesian Motor Vehicle Association , "Indonesian Automotive Industry Association").
Manufacturer
The dominant producer in Indonesia is PT. Astra Company; Their products represent about half of the annual vehicle sales in Indonesia in early 2010 - largely thanks to the success of Toyota Kijang.
Most cars sold in Indonesia originally came from Europe; In the 1950s, the most popular cars were Morris and Austin. Japanese imports began on a small scale in 1959 with Mitsubishi Jupiter trucks, but in the 1970s this had changed a lot as Japan took on a growing market share. The January 1974 Malari incident started as a protest against Japanese trading practices and included the burning of a Toyota dealer, but Japanese car sales reached new heights afterwards. In 1980, out of 181,100 new registrations, 88.5 percent came from Japan.
Distribution and manufacturing
In Indonesia, import rights, marketing, distribution and after-sales service of foreign brands are usually held by a company called ATPM ( Sole Agent Brand Holder , or Single Agent Brand Holder). ATPM may be foreign or local, with certain differences to the terms and scope of their license. Foreign companies, for example, may not sell directly to Indonesian consumers (Agents), although Distributions may be controlled by foreigners. ATPM may undertake license-making, or contract the manufacture to a third party (subject to principal approval), or act only as a distributor and reseller. In the case of special-bodied vehicles, such as angkot offered by innumerable body builders, ATPM also has connections with certain companies and often sells their designs through their own showrooms.
Brand
BMW
Spemotri NV was a major importer of BMW motorcycles during the 1950s; they mainly carry R25 two-cylinder, R26, and R27. A number of BMW 700 were imported into Indonesia by NV Spemotri in the early 1960s; The Salim Group held import rights until they sold a small concession to the Astra Group in the late 1970s. Astra sells BMW through a wholly owned subsidiary named PT Tjahja Sakti Motor. The first locally assembled BMW is 520/4, shipped CKD and built in Jakarta by PT Indonesia Service Coy. 780 E12 was assembled from 1976 to 1981, with 520/6 replacing four cylinders in 1978. Indonesia Service Coy then built the E28, E30, E36, and E34 models until assembly was taken over by PT Gaya Motor in 1993.
In April 2001, BMW had its own wholesale company in Indonesia, PT BMW Indonesia, although Astra continued to distribute, import and assemble BMW cars. The current assembly of a limited range of semi-knock-down cars, while the rest of the range is available CBU.
Daihatsu
In the 1970s and 1980s, PT Daihatsu Indonesia distributed Daihatsus while assembling was done by Gaya Motor - both companies are located in Sunter, Jakarta. PT Daihatsu Indonesia is a joint venture between a parent company of Japan (30%) and PT Astra International (70%), while PT Gaya Motor is a joint venture between the Indonesian government, PT Astra International, PT Multi France and PT Multi Astra. Motor style is a common fabricator and also built Peugeot and Renault cars in the early 1980s. Hijet Daihatsu is very popular in Indonesia, especially after a one liter engine larger than Charade was introduced - one of eight four-wheeled vehicles made in Indonesia in 1983 was Hijet.
General Motors
Various vehicles General Motors has been sold in Indonesia, since the early days of the car there. General Motors vehicles have been represented in Indonesia since 1915. General Motors established their first local assembly operation (pictured) at Tanjung Priok in February 1927, as "KN Motor Style." The location was suitable because there was a lot of wood nearby, the need for car manufacturing at the time. In 1930, the company was renamed "N.V. General Motors Java Handel Maatschappij." Cars from their factories in Jakarta are exported throughout the region. After being taken over by the Dutch East Indies government in 1941, on 9 March 1942 all machines and equipment were destroyed to avoid falling into the hands of the approaching Japanese. Two weeks later the Japanese occupied the factory and interrogated all foreigners; on December 31 General Motors wrote the entire company.
In 1946 General Motors Overseas Operation established the Batavia Branch (later renamed "Djakarta Branch") to resume pre-war activities, building nearly 20,000 vehicles over the next six years. In 1953, activity largely ended when the pro-Chinese government of Sukarno took power. In 1954, local partner PN Gaya Motor continued alone; The Indonesian government took over assets in April 1955. General Motors dissolved the operation of this paper a year later. The government-run operation did not take care of the factory and 60 percent of the damaged assets were sold to PT Astra Motor (which, by chance, had started with being allowed to import 800 Chevrolet trucks in 1969). Astra was expected to sell Chevrolet but was denied a contract and eventually imported Toyota instead.
A number of other small companies started importing and assembling General Motors products. Udatimex/Udatin generally handles Holdens, while Garuda Diesel/Garmak has been selling Chevrolet, Opels, and the short-lived Morne National Vehicle Transport Project. In the early 1970s, PT Kali Kuning (Jakarta) also imported Opel, notably Rekord. Chevrolet, Holden, Opel, and Isuzu badging have been used, often placed on the same car by various importers.
- Chevrolet
Chevrolet was one of the most popular brands in Indonesia until the 1960s. Especially the 210 series sold well. Later, the Chevrolet badge is mainly used on various Isuzu products such as Chevrolet LUV and Trooper.
- Holden
By the time they were introduced to Indonesia in 1959 (although Chevrolet Holden-build first arrived in 1938) Holdens was sold by Gaya Motor. After gaining popularity in the 1960s, Udatimex (part of Fritz Eman Udatinda Group in Jakarta) took over in 1970. Another sub-company, PT Udatin, acted as a fabricator. From 1954 to 1959, Holden Australia holds General Motors' rights to all of Australia and Indonesia. The first Holden to arrive in Indonesia is the FC series. Sales increased rapidly when the locally-assembled Holden Gemini arrived in 1981. Other local holders were Torana, Commodore, Statesman, Kingswood, and Premier. In the early 1970s, HQ Statesman was sold as a "Chevrolet 350" by Garuda Diesel (the sole agent of Chevrolet in Indonesia), while the Statesman was sold in parallel by Udatimex.
Garuda also developed an SUV version on the basis of the Isuzu KB, called Holden Lively. It's superficially very similar to Isuzu Trooper, but has a locally developed bodywork. A small number of lively were exported to neighboring countries and the Pacific Islands in the mid-1980s. The five-door version of Lively is also developed, called the Lincah Gama, but may never enter production. Lively Gama is one of the many cars Malcolm Bricklin planned to import, following his success with Yugo. With sales of passenger cars slowing down, although Gemini Diesel remained popular among taxi operators, Udatimex closed their doors in 1991, and the usual Holdens imports expired. The most recent introduction is VL Calais. Even when Indonesia's auto market has grown rapidly after the Asian Crisis Holden does not return, as GMH's export manager Bob Branson decides exports to countries with annual sales of less than 500 cars in 2001.
- Opel
In January 1993 General Motors resumed direct local operations when PT General Motor Buana Indonesia (GMBI) was formed, with a factory with a capacity of 15,000 vehicles in Bekasi, West Java. 60 percent of the company is held by GM, with the rest belonging to a local partner of PT Garmak Motor. In 1997, General Motors took full control of the company. The first locally made products of the new company are Opel Vectra (1994), followed by Opel Optima and Opel Blazer in 1995. In 2002, the Chevrolet brand name replaces Opel in Indonesia. Opel was also very popular before the war, with Opel P4 assembled in Tanjung Priok. A 7-passenger local taxi arrived in 1932; an ambulance version was added in 1933. The taxi model is called Oplet (stands for trade name "Opelette") - the name used to share taxis until the type was removed in 1979.
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi and their old local partner PT Krama Yudha Tiga Berlian Motors (KTB) have long been present in Indonesia, but their first hit is Colt T120. This is a local version of the first generation Mitsubishi Delica, and since its introduction in the early 1970s this car became a seminal vehicle. It was mostly alone in its class and for the Indonesian generation "Colt" became synonymous with the minibus. The T120 was eventually discontinued in 1982 and replaced by the L300 (also Delica); but sales never reached previous highs. Mitsubishi finally revive nametag T120 with Mitsubishi version of Suzuki Futura called Mitsubishi Colt T120SS. Alliance with Suzuki is an attempt to challenge the dominance of Toyota Group Astra, Daihatsu, and Isuzu.
Suzuki
PT. IndoMobil Suzuki International is a joint venture between Suzuki Motor Corporation and IndoMobil Group. The company is located in Jakarta, Indonesia and specializes in the manufacture of Suzuki vehicles for the local market. Their first product is the ST10 Carry and Fronte LC20 1976. Carry (soon replaced by ST20) sees widespread usage as Angkot. Suzuki's first activity in Indonesia was in 1970 through import company PT. Indohero Steel & amp; Engineering company. Six years later they have built their manufacturing facility in Jakarta, which is the oldest part of the IndoMobil Group. Suzuki's sales increased exponentially in the mid-1980s due to the sales of thunderous minitrucks and Forsa/Swift introduced: Suzuki Indonesia sold 13,434 vehicles in 1984, followed by 58,032 in 1985.
Since 2004, Suzuki Indonesia MPV APV (All Purpose Vehicle) budget has been assembled exclusively in Indonesia. Designed in Japan, exported to various countries since 2005, to ASEAN and beyond. Like many other IndoMobil Suzuki products, it is also available with Mitsubishi badging (as "Maven").
Toyota
PT. Toyota-Astra Motor (TAM) was established in April 1971. Production of vehicles started in September 1974 at PT. Multi-Astra manufacturing subsidiary. Toyota Indonesia's most famous product is the Kijang series of light trucks and vans. Kijang, developed from the Philippines market Tamaraw Revo in 1976, has spawned a variety of vehicles and is now built in a number of Asian countries including India. Kijang is one of a series of BUV, or Basic Utility Vehicles, developed to develop the market by several global manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. Kijang was very successful for Toyota Astra Motor, with the 100,000th example leaving the line in February 1985. Production was almost entirely localized in the mid-eighties, with machine parts also starting to be produced in Indonesia in January 1985. Kijang also caused a major upheaval in between a number of small body builders in Indonesia, as the body is built to an entirely new quality standard and is offered directly by Toyota in a number of variants that has been the scope of body builders. The success of Kijang was very helpful for TAM as Crown, Mark II, Land Cruiser, and Corona GL all struggled in the market in the first half of the 1980s.
The Land Cruiser dominated the "Jeep" category until the early 1980s, when lighter and more economical competitors began to take market share. Unable to compete with smaller offerings from Suzuki and Daihatsu, Toyota chose not to increase the content of local Land Cruiser content and has pulled it from the Indonesian market in 1986. Currently Toyota Astra Motor's production is done by PT. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indonesia (TMMIN), consisting of formerly PT. Multi-Astra and PT. Toyota Mobilindo (founded in December 1976 with production beginning in May 1977).
Volvo
Volvo cars have been regularly imported into Indonesia since 1971, when Liem Sioe Liong's PT Central Sole Agency earned a concession. In 1975, industrial policy stated that the cars were locally assembled and Liem responded by creating a joint venture called PT Salim Jaya Motor, operated by his son Albert. They collect two Volvo models and have a fixed market in the form of military and government officials. The business lost money, because of the difficulty of collecting money from government officials during the Suharto era. A small number of heavy trucks are also imported. Even with government support, sales were never so great: between 1976 and 1985, only 1015 Volvo passenger cars (and 201 heavy trucks) were assembled in Indonesia.
The Salim Group still imports Volvo trucks, buses and construction equipment in 2017, through a company called PT Indotruck Utama. Since January 2017, Garansindo is the sole importer and distributor of Volvo cars in Indonesia.
Volkswagen
Volkswagen and their local partner PT Garuda Mataram were major players until the mid-1970s but sales dropped dramatically in the second half of the decade. On or before 1971, the Indonesian Army Strategic Command (Kostrad) took over local Volkswagen operations as part of a tendency for direct government involvement in vehicle manufacturing (and industry in general). Kostrad has Volkswagen agents through the Dharma Putra Foundation business group, in partnership with two Chinese businessmen. Like Volkswagen in the Philippines, sales dropped dramatically as Japanese brands took over. In 1980, the locally developed Partner project had ended as well as the Frog and Type 181 (Camat) assembly. Kombis and Transporter assembly made in Germany ended in 1978. Volkswagen replaces this on the assembly line Indonesia with Volkswagen Combi Clipper made in Brazil. It remains the sole Volkswagen model offered in Indonesia until the mid-1980s. In 1986, Volkswagen was no longer available in Indonesia, after 13,162 Volkswagen was assembled between 1976 and 1985.
In 1998 a new company called PT Garuda Mataram Motor was established as a joint venture between the Volkswagen Group and the IndoMobil Group and currently assembles and distributes Volkswagen in Indonesia.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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