Jakarta [d? a'karta] ), officially Jakarta Capital Special Region (Indonesian: Jakarta Capital City Special Region ), is the capital and largest city in Indonesia. Located on the island's most densely populated northwest coast, it is the economic, cultural and political center of Indonesia, with a population of 10,075,310 in 2014. The metropolitan area of ​​Greater Jakarta, known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the early syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the second largest urban agglomeration and the second largest urban area in the world after Tokyo, with a population of 30,214,303 at the 2010 census. The business opportunities of Jakarta, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over the Indonesian archipelago, making it melt many communities and cultures. Jakarta is officially a province with a special capital territory status, but is usually referred to as a city. The Jakarta provincial government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative district.
Founded in the 4th century as Sunda Kelapa, the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies, and was known as Batavia at that time. The city is currently the centerpiece of the ASEAN Secretariat and other important financial institutions such as Bank Indonesia, Indonesia Stock Exchange, and corporate headquarters of many Indonesian companies and multinationals. In 2017, six Forbes Global 2000 companies have headquarters in the city. The city is also home to two Fortune 500 companies. Jakarta is listed as Alpha Global City by Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Based on global metro monitoring by the Brookings Institution in 2014, the city's GDP is estimated at US $ 321.3 billion and economic growth is ranked 34th among the world's 200 largest cities. Jakarta has grown more rapidly than Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, and Beijing.
The major challenges of Jakarta include rapid urban growth causing overpopulation and ecological damage, traffic congestion and congestion, poverty and inequality, and flooding. Jakarta sank to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year, which, coupled with rising sea levels, has made cities more vulnerable to flooding.
Video Jakarta
History
Name and etymology
Jakarta has been home to many settlements along with their respective names: Sunda Kelapa (397-1527), Jayakarta (1527-1619), Batavia (1619-1949), Djakarta (1949-1972), and Jakarta (1972-present).
His current name "Jakarta" comes from the word Jayakarta b> (Devanagari: ?????) which ultimately comes from Sanskrit; ?? triumphant (win) and ??? krta (achieved, obtained), thus Jayakarta is translated as "winning action", "complete action", or " complete victory "which literally, Jakarta means" winning city ". It was named after the Fatahillah troops were defeated and expelled the Portuguese colonists from the city in 1527. Before it was named "Jayakarta", the city was known as "Sunda Kelapa".
Jakarta is dubbed the Great Durian, a genuine fruit that is very smelly in the area, because the city is seen as an equivalent city of Indonesia with New York City (Big Apple). In the colonial era, the city was also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the East), originally in the 17th century for the urban beauty of city center canals, mansions and well-arranged urban spaces. After widespread to the south in the 19th century, this nickname became more associated with the suburbs (eg Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square), with wide tracks, lots of green spaces and villas.
The pre-colonial era
The northern coastal area of ​​west Java including Jakarta, is a prehistoric Buni cultural location that develops around 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta is part of the 4th century Sunda kingdom of Tarumanagara, one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of ​​North Jakarta around Tugu is a residential area at least since the beginning of the 5th century. Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) was found in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, mentioned King Purnawarman from Tarumanagara undertook a hydraulic project; irrigation and drainage projects of Chandrabhaga river and Gomati river near its capital. Following the decline of Tarumanagara, its territory, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Sunda Hindu Kingdom. From 7th to the beginning of the 13th century, the port of Sunda is within the sphere of influence of the Sriwijaya maritime kingdom. According to Chinese sources, Chu-fan-chi, written around 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported at the beginning of the 13th century that Sriwijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and West Java (Sunda). This source reports on Sunda port as strategic and growing, mentioning pepper from Sunda as one of the best in quality. People work on farms and their homes are built on wooden piles. The port area is known as Sunda Kelapa (Sunda: ??????? ) and by the 14th century, it was a major trading port for the Sunda kingdom.
The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca, arrived in 1513 when they searched for routes for spices. The Kingdom of Sunda entered into an alliance agreement with the Portuguese by allowing them to build ports in 1522 to maintain the increasing power of the Demak Sultanate of Central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah, a Javanese general from Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, expelled the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became the territory of the Sultanate of Banten which became the main trading center of Southeast Asia.
Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Sultanate of Banten, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, the first voyage of the British East India Company, led by Sir James Lancaster, arrived in Aceh and sailed to Banten where they were allowed to build the post trading.. The site became a UK trading center in Indonesia until 1682. Jayawikarta was thought to have made trade connections with British merchants, rivals from the Netherlands, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.
The colonial era
When the relationship between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his troops attacked the Dutch fort. His troops and the British, however, were defeated by the Dutch, partly due to the arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen on time. The Dutch burned the English fortress, and forced them to retreat on their ship. The victory consolidated Dutch rule and in 1619 they changed the name of Batavia.
Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden increase in population created a burden in the city. Tension grew as the colonial government tried to limit China's migration through deportation. After the uprising, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on October 9, 1740 and the following year, Chinese residents moved to Glodok outside the city walls. In the early nineteenth century, about 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a slightly changed number over the following decades. Among traded commodities, fabrics, especially imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by the Arab community.
The city began to expand further south because the epidemic in 1835 and 1870 caused more people to move out of the port. Koningsplein, now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, Menteng housing park began in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last settlement area built by the Dutch. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. After World War II, the city of Batavia was renamed "Jakarta" (short form of Jayakarta) by Indonesian nationalists after achieving independence from the Netherlands in 1949.
Independence era
After World War II, the Republic of Indonesia withdrew from Allied occupied Jakarta during their struggle for independence and founded their capital in Yogyakarta. In 1950, after independence was secured, Jakarta was once again the capital of the state. The founding president of Indonesia, Soekarno, envisioned Jakarta as a large international city, and instigated major government-funded projects with open nationalistic and modernist architecture. Projects include leafy clover, main road (Jalan MH Thamrin-Sudirman), monuments such as National Monument, Hotel Indonesia, shopping center, and new parliament building. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of a failed coup attempt in which 6 top generals were killed, sparking a cruel anti-communist purge in which half a million people were killed, including many Chinese, and the beginning of Suharto's New Order. A monument stands where the bodies of the generals were thrown away.
In 1966, Jakarta was declared a "special capital region" ( Capital Special Region ), thus obtaining a status roughly equivalent to a province. Lt. Gen. Ali Sadikin served as Governor from the mid-1960s to the start of the "New Order" until 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged art, built several hospitals, and a large number of new schools. He also cleans slum dwellers for new development projects - some for the sake of the Suharto family - and seeks to eliminate pedicabs and ban peddlers. He began to control migration to the city to stem population density and poverty. Foreign investment contributes to the real estate boom that changed the face of the city.
The blast ended with the Asian financial crisis of 1997, placing Jakarta at the center of violence, protests, and political maneuvers. After 32 years in power, support for President Soeharto began to diminish. Tension reached its peak when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces; four days of riots and violence occurred that killed about 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings. Many Chinese Chinese riots are targeted. Suharto resigned as president, and Jakarta remains the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Associated bombing Jemaah Islamiah occurred almost every year in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another bombing in 2009.
Maps Jakarta
Administration
Government
The name and status, as well as the governmental system of Jakarta, has changed throughout its history. On 5 March 1942, Japan seized Batavia from Dutch control and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City ???????? , Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi ) , according to the special status assigned to the city). After the Japanese surrender, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on August 17, 1945, and the city government of Jakarta was changed to the Jakarta National Administration the following month. After the war, the Dutch name of Batavia was internationally recognized until the full independence of Indonesia was reached on 27 December 1949 and Jakarta officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia.
This first government was led by a mayor until the late 1960s, when the office was changed to governor. The last mayor in Jakarta was Soediro, until he was succeeded by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor. Based on Law no. 5 year 1974 related to the foundations of local government, Jakarta was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of 26 provinces in Indonesia at that time. In August 2007, Jakarta held its first election to elect the governor as part of a national decentralization program that enabled direct local elections in several areas. Previously, the governor was elected by members of the Jakarta Council (DPRD).
Currently, Jakarta is administratively the same as a province with special status. A city executive branch led by an elected governor and a deputy governor, while the DPRD is a legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. The executive government consists of five administrative cities/City Administratives, each headed by a mayor and an administrative district Administrative District led by a Bupati/
Polda Metro Jaya maintains Jakarta's law, security and order. It is headed by the Chief of Police of the Regional Police Headquarters, who holds the rank of Inspector General of Police.
City finance
The Jakarta provincial government, like all other provincial governments in Indonesia, relies on transfers from the central government for most of the budget revenues. The source of local income (non-central government) is income from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer costs, among others. The ability of local governments to respond to many problems in Jakarta is constrained by very limited finances. In 2013, the total available budget is approved around Rp 50 trillion (about US $ 5.2 billion), equivalent to about US $ 380 per citizen. Priority areas of expenditure are listed as education, transportation, flood control measures, environmental programs, and various types of social spending (such as health and housing).
In recent years, the provincial government has consistently run a surplus of between 15-20% of total planned expenditures, mainly because of delays in procurement procedures and other inefficiencies in the spending process. Regular impartiality is a frequent public commentary issue but the legal and administrative obstacles that cause unresolved problems seem to be very difficult to overcome.
Indonesian Bureau of Statistics: Jakarta in Figures
Administrative division
Jakarta consists of five administrative cities, administrative municipalities, each headed by a mayor and an administrative district. Each city and district are again divided into districts. The administrative city/municipality of Jakarta is:
- Central Jakarta ( Central Jakarta ) is the smallest city in Jakarta and home to most of Jakarta's administrative and political center. It is divided into 8 administrative districts. It is characterized by large gardens and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include National Monument (Monas), Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta Cathedral, and museum.
- West Jakarta ( West Jakarta ) has the highest concentration of small scale industries in Jakarta. The city has 8 districts. This area includes the Jakarta Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and the Red Shop. It contains part of the Old City of Jakarta.
- South Jakarta ( South Jakarta ), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the site of a large upscale shopping center and a prosperous residential area. The area is divided into 10 territorial districts and serves as a groundwater buffer in Jakarta, but recently the green belt region is threatened by new developments. Most of Jakarta CBD area is concentrated in Setiabudi, South Jakarta, bordering Tanah Abang/Sudirman Central Jakarta area.
- East Jakarta ( East Jakarta ) is characterized by several industry sectors. Also located in East Jakarta is Taman Mini Indonesia Indah and Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport. The city has 10 districts/sub-districts.
- North Jakarta ( North Jakarta ) is the only city in Jakarta bounded by the sea (Java Sea). This is the location of Tanjung Priok Port. Large and medium scale industries are concentrated in North Jakarta. It contains part of the Old City of Jakarta, formerly known as Batavia since the 17th century, and was the center of VOC trade activities in the Dutch East Indies. Also located in North Jakarta is Ancol Ancol Dreamland, which is currently the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. North Jakarta is divided into 6 districts.
The only Jakarta administrative districts (districts ) are:
- Thousand Islands ( Kepulauan Seribu ), formerly a district within the city of North Jakarta, is a collection of 105 small islands located in the Java Sea. It has high conservation value because of its unique and special ecosystem. Marine tourism, such as diving, water biking, and wind surfing, are the main tourist activities of the region. The main mode of inter-island transportation is a speed boat or small ferry boat.
Geography
Jakarta covers an area of ​​699.5 square kilometers, which ranks 33rd among the provinces of Indonesia. The metropolitan area of ​​Greater Jakarta has an area of ​​6,392 square kilometers, stretching into two adjacent provinces in West Java and Banten. Jabodetabek area covers 3 adjacent districts (Bekasi District, Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency) and five adjacent cities (Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Tangerang and South Tangerang).
Topography
Jakarta is located on the northwest coast of Java, at the mouth of the Ciliwung River in Jakarta Bay, which is a Java Sea inlet. The northern part of Jakarta is lowland, some of which are below sea level and often experience flooding. The southern part of the town is hilly. It is one of only two Asian capitals located in the southern hemisphere (the other being Dili East Timor). Officially, the area of ​​Jakarta Special District is 662 km 2 (256Ã, sqÃ, mi) of land area and 6,977 km <2> (2,694Ã, sqÃ, mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands, which is administratively part of Jakarta, is located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city.
Jakarta is located on low and flat plains of Aluvial, ranging from -2 to 50 meters (-7 to 164Ã, ft) with an average elevation of 8 meters (26Ã,f) above sea level with historically widespread swampy areas. 13 rivers flow through Jakarta. They are: Ciliwung River, Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan, Cipinang, Angke River, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River. These rivers flow from the Puncak plateau to the south of the city, then cross the city to the north toward the Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into western and eastern districts.
With all these rivers, combined with wet season rains and inadequate drainage due to clogging, it makes Jakarta prone to flooding. In addition, Jakarta sank about 5 to 10 centimeters (2.0 to 3.9 inches) every year, even up to 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) in the north coast. To help overcome the threat from the sea, the Netherlands will provide $ 4 million for a feasibility study to build a dike around the Jakarta Bay. The ring embankment will be equipped with a pumping system and a retention area to withstand sea water. In addition, it will serve as a toll road. The project will be built in 2025. In January 2014, the Central Government agreed to build 2 dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2-kilometer tunnel from the Ciliwung River to the Cisadane River to ease the Jakarta floods. Construction costs will be paid by the central government, but land acquisition is the responsibility of the Jakarta Authority. Currently, 1.2 kilometers (0.75 mi), with a capacity of 60 cubic meters (2,100 cubic feet) per second, an underground water tunnel between the Ciliwung River and the East Canal Flood is underway to ease the Ciliwung River overflow.
Climate
Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) according to the KÃÆ'¶ppen climate classification system. The rainy season in Jakarta covers most of the year, running from October to May. The remaining four months (June to September) represent the city's dry season (each of these 4 months has an average monthly rainfall of less than 100 millimeters (3.9 inches)). Located in the western part of Java, rainfall peak rainfall in Jakarta is January and February with an average monthly rainfall of 299.7 millimeters (11.80 inches), and the lowest dry season is August with a monthly average of 43.2 mm (1.70 inches)).
Parks and Lakes
As of June 2011, Jakarta only has 10.5% green open space ( Green Open Space ) and this has grown to 13.94% of public green open spaces. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. By 2030, the government also expects there to be 16% of private green open spaces. In a goal to develop child-friendly cities and provide green open spaces for citizens, the Jakarta government has targeted to build 300 'Friendly Child Friendly Public Spaces (Bahasa Indonesia: 'Child Friendly Integrated Public Space , abbreviated RPTRA ) in 2017, which is a public space in the form of green open spaces or parks equipped with playgrounds, games, libraries, lactation rooms, and other facilities to serve the interests of the surrounding community with CCTV surveillance. In 2014, there are 183 reservoirs of water and lakes in the greater Jakarta area.
Demographics
Population
Since 1950, Jakarta has attracted people from all over Java and other Indonesian islands. Migrant floods come to Jakarta for economic reasons because Jakarta offers job expectations. The 1961 census shows that only 51% of the city's population is actually born in Jakarta. Immigration tends to negate the effects of family planning programs.
Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled and during the period 1980-1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%. The 2010 census counted approximately 9.58 million people, well above all government estimates. The population has increased from 4.5 million in 1970 to an increase of 9.5 million in 2010, by only counting the official population, while the population of Greater Jakarta has increased from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. According to government documents 'Jakarta in Figures', the population reached 10,187,595 in 2011 and 9,761,407 in 2012. By 2014, the population of Jakarta reaches 10,075,310 people. with a population density of 15,174 persons/km 2 . As of 2014, the population of Jakarta Raya is 30,326,103, accounting for 11% of the total population of Indonesia. The gender ratio is 102.8 (men per 100 women) in 2010 and 101.3 in 2014.
Ethnic and language
Jakarta is a diverse and diverse city of religions. In 2000, 35.16% of the urban population were Javanese, 27.65% Betawi, 15.27% Sundanese, Chinese 5.53%, Batak 3.61%, Minangkabau 3.18%, and 1.62% Melayu. And in 2010 the Census, 36.17% of the urban population is Java, 28.29% Betawi, 14.61% Sunda, 6.62% China, 3.42% Batak, 2.85% Minangkabau, 0.96% Malay and others 7.08%.
The 'Betawi' ( Betawi people, or 'Batavians') are descendants of people living in and around Batavia, and are recognized as ethnic groups from about the 18th-19th century. The Betawi people mostly come from different Southeast Asian ethnic groups who are brought or attracted to Batavia to meet the needs of the workforce, and include people from different parts of Indonesia. Betawi people are ethnic groups from various parts of Indonesia and married with Chinese, Arabs and Europeans. Today, most Betaways form a minority in the city; most of them live in the outskirts of Jakarta and almost no areas are occupied by Betawi in Central Jakarta.
There have been significant Chinese communities in Jakarta for centuries. Jakarta is home to China's largest population on the island of Java. The Chinese in Jakarta are traditionally around the old urban areas, such as the Pinangsia, Pluit and Glodok areas (Jakarta Chinatown). They can also be found in the old Chinatown of Senen and Jatinegara. Officially, they account for 5.53% of Jakarta's population, although this number may be under-reported.
The people of Sumatra in the city are very diverse. According to the 2010 Census, there are approximately 346,000 Bataks, 305,000 Minangkabau and 155,000 Malays. Batak and Minangkabau are scattered throughout the city. The Batak ethnic group has risen in rank, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Batak Toba is the largest sub-ethnic Batak group in Jakarta. In addition to the Chinese, Minangkabau also as traders, traveling traders, and craftsmen, in addition to working in the white-collar profession: doctors, teachers, and journalists.
Bahasa Indonesia is the official language and spoken language in Jakarta. English is widely used as a second language, while some elderly people can speak Dutch. Each ethnic group uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Batak, Minangkabau, and Chinese. Betawi is different from Sundanese or Javanese, establishing itself as a language island in the surrounding area. The language is mostly based on Eastern Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch, Portuguese, Sundanese, Javanese, Minangkabau, Chinese, and Arabic. Currently, the Jakarta dialect ( Bahasa Jakarta) is used as a street language by people in Jakarta, loosely based on Betawi. Religion
In the 2010 census the population of Jakarta was 85.36% Muslim, 7.53% Protestant, 3.30% Buddhist, 3.15% Roman Catholic, 0.21% Hindu, and 0.06% Confucian. The majority of people in Jakarta are Sunni Muslims.
Most of the pesantren (pesantren) in Jakarta are affiliated with traditionalist Nahdlatul Ulama, a modernist organization largely serving the socio-economic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs and religious propagation activities. Many Islamic organizations have headquarters in Jakarta, including Nahdlatul Ulama, Majelis Ulama Indonesia, Muhammadiyah, Liberal Islam Network, and the Islamic Defenders Front.
Data from the Central Bureau of Statistics Jakarta July 17, 2017, shows that Jakarta's population of Islam is 83.43%, Protestant 8.63%, Catholic 4.0%, Buddhist 3.74%, Hindu 0.19%, and Confucian 0 , 01%. People's religion is claimed for 231 people.
Roman Catholics have a Metropolitan view, the Archdiocese of Jakarta, which includes West Java as part of an ecclesiastical province.
Culture
As Indonesia's economic and political capital with so many different languages ​​and ethnic groups, it is difficult to describe or define a common culture for Jakarta, as it attracts many indigenous immigrants, from the vast and diverse Indonesian archipelago, which also brings them various languages, dialects, food and customs. This variety of origin and language causes differences in religion, tradition and linguistics. But the ethnic Betawi is considered a native of Jakarta.
Arts and festivals
Betawi culture is different from Sundanese or Javanese people, establishing itself as a language island in the surrounding area. Betawi art has a low profile in Jakarta, and most Betawi have moved to the outskirts of Jakarta, replaced by new migrants. It is easier to find a Javanese or Minang wedding ceremony than a Betawi wedding in Jakarta. It's easier to find the Javanese Gamelan than the Tanjidor (mix of Betawi and Portuguese music), Marawis (mix between Betawi and Yemeni music) or Gambang Kromong (a mixture of Betawi and Chinese music). The Chinese also influence Betawi culture, such as the popularity of Chinese cakes and candies, firecrackers, to Betawi bridal outfits showing Chinese and Arab influence.
However, some festivals such as the Jalan Jalan Jaksa Festival or Kemang Festival include efforts to preserve Betawi art by inviting artists to perform. Jakarta has several performing arts centers, such as the classical concert hall of Jakarta's Simfonia Hall in Kemayoran, Taman Ismail Marzuki (TIM) art center in Cikini, Gedung Kesenian Jakarta > close to Pasar Baru , Balai Sarbini in Plaza Semanggi area, Bentara Budaya Jakarta in Palmerah area, Market Art (Art Market) in Ancol, and traditional Indonesian art performances in the pavilions of several provinces in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah . Traditional music is often found in upscale hotels, including the show Wayang and Gamelan . Javanese Performances Wayang Orang can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata near Senen terminal. As the largest city and capital city in Indonesia, Jakarta has attracted many national and regional talents that hope to find more audiences and more chances for success.
Jakarta hosts several prestigious arts and cultural festivals and exhibitions, such as the Jakarta International Film Festival (JiFFest), Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival, Djakarta Warehouse Project, Jakarta Fashion Week, Jakarta Fashion & amp; Food Festival (JFFF), Jakarta Fair, Creative Products Indonesia and Arts and Crafts Exhibition Jakarta. Flona Jakarta is an exhibition of flora and fauna, held annually in August at Park Field, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. The Jakarta Fair is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is largely centered around trade fairs. However, this month-long exhibition also features entertainment, including art and music performances by local musicians. Jakarta Java Jazz Festival International (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world and arguably the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. The annual jazz festival is held every early March and is designed to be one of the largest jazz festivals globally.
Several foreign art and cultural centers are also established in Jakarta, and mainly serve to promote culture and language through learning centers, libraries, and art galleries. Among the centers of foreign art and culture are the Chinese Confucian Institute, the Dutch Erasmus Huis, British Council of England, the French Alliance Français, the German Goethe-Institut, the Japan Foundation, and the Indian Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center.
Cuisine
As the capital, all varieties of Indonesian cuisine are present in Jakarta. Jakarta's local cuisine is Betawi cuisine, reflecting the various foreign culinary traditions that have influenced the population of Jakarta for centuries. Betawi cuisine is strongly influenced by Malay-Chinese Peranakan, Sundanese and Javanese cuisine, which is also influenced by Indian, Arab and European cuisine. One of the most popular local dishes of Betwai cuisine is Soto Betawi made from cuts of beef and offal in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk. Other popular Betawi dishes include soto legs, nasi uduk, kerak telor (spicy omelette), nasi ulam, pickles, ketoprak, salad and gado-gado Betawi (salad with peanut sauce).
Jakarta has a wide variety of food available at hundreds of eating and eating places located throughout the city, from simple roadside stalls and five-wheeled vendors to high-end luxury restaurants. From the rooftop bar to the glamorous lounge, Jakarta has plenty of bars, cafés and clubs. From the old town of Batavia to the old Dutch colonial to the fashionable Menteng district, it has live music venues and an exclusive restaurant. Since Jakarta is considered a 'melting pot' and a miniature version of Indonesia, many traditional foods from remote areas of Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional Padang restaurants and low-budget Warteg ( Warung Tegal ) are food stalls everywhere in the capital. Other popular street food includes fried rice, fried satay, pineapple, fried catfish, > meatballs (meatballs),
bakpau (Chinese bread) and siomay (fish cakes).
Jalan Sabang, Jalan Sidoarjo, Kendal Road in Menteng, Kota Tua, Blok S, Blok M, Jalan Tebet is a popular destination for street-food lovers. While Menteng, Kemang, Senopati Street, Kuningan, Senayan, and Pantai Indah Kapuk, Kelapa Gading area has a trendy restaurant, café and bar. Lenggang Jakarta is a food court area built with the concept of a culinary and cultural center, accommodating small traders and street vendors with toilets, free WiFi facilities and non-cash payment systems. This place is unique because most Indonesian food is available in one compound. Currently there are two food courts in the area of ​​Monas and Kemayoran. TransJakarta operates a free tour bus every Saturday from 17.00 - 23.00 to some of the most popular culinary destinations in Central Jakarta. Chinese street food is widely available on Jalan Pangeran, Manga Besar and Petak Sembilan in the old Jakarta area, while Little Tokyo Blok M area has many Japanese-style restaurants and bars.
Almost all global fast food chains like McDonald's, KFC, Burger King, Starbucks, Dunkin 'Donuts along with local brands such as J'CO, Es Teler 77 and CFC or HokBen Japan have a presence in the city. In addition to a myriad of Indonesian food and regional specialties from all over Indonesia, foreign food is also represented: Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Indian, American, French, Mediterranean cuisine such as Turkish, Italian, Middle Eastern and modern food all can be found in Jakarta.
Museum
There are a total of 142 museums in Jakarta. The museums in Jakarta cluster around the Merdeka Square area of ​​Central Jakarta, Kota Tua Jakarta and Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.
The Old City of Jakarta contains the museums of former Batavia Colonial institutional buildings. Some of these museums are: Jakarta History Museum (former Batavia Town Hall), Museum of Wayang (Museum of Wayang) (former Batavia Church), Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics (former Batavia Justice Building), Maritime Museum (former Sunda Kelapa warehouse), Museum Bank Indonesia (former Javasche Bank), and Bank Mandiri Museum (formerly Nederlandsche Handels Maatschappij ).
Some museums clustered in Central Jakarta around the Merdeka Square area: the Indonesian National Museum, also known as the Elephant Building, the National Monument (National Monument), the Istiqlal Mosque Museum at the Istiqlal Mosque, and the Museum Jakarta Cathedral on the second floor of Jakarta Cathedral. Also in the Central Jakarta area is the Museum Inscription Museum (former Batavia cemetery), and Textile Museum in Tanah Abang area.
The recreation area of ​​Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in East Jakarta contains fourteen museums, such as Museum Indonesia, Museum Purna Bhakti Pertiwi, Asmat Museum, Bayt al-Qur'an Islamic Museum, Heritage Museum (heirloom), and other science-based museums such as Research & amp; Information Technology Center, Komodo Fauna Museum Indonesia, Insect Museum, Gasoline and Gas Museum, plus Museum of Transportation. Other museums are Satria Mandala Military Museum, Museum of Youth Pledges, and Crocodile Hole (Crocodile Well).
Media
Jakarta has many publications in newspapers, television and radio stations. Some newspapers, including daily, business, and digital paper, are based in Jakarta. Daily newspapers include Compass , Koran Tempo , Media Indonesia , Republika , Voice Updates Seputar Indonesia , Voice of Work , Sinar Harapan , Indo Pos , National Journal , and Pelita Daily The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe . Chinese language newspapers are Indonesia Shang Bao , Indonesia Daily (??????), and Guo Ji Ri Bao (????). The only Japanese language newspaper is The Daily Jakarta Shimbun (???????). Jakarta also has daily newspaper segments such as Kota Pos , Jakarta News , Jakarta Newspapers City News for local readers; Indonesian Business , Investor Daily , Cash , Daily Balance (business news) and Top Scores and Football (sports news).
Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesian state government publications, TVRI and national private television stations including Metro TV, TVOne, Kompas TV, Trans TV, Trans 7, RCTI, MNC, SCTV, Global TV, Indosiar, ANTV, RTV and NET. Jakarta also has local television channels such as Jak TV, O Channel, Elshinta TV and DAAI TV Indonesia. The city is home to the country's major pay television services. A variety of cable channels are available including First Media and TelkomVision. Satellite television (DTH) has not received mass acceptance in Jakarta. The leading DTH entertainment services are Indovision, Okevision, Yes TV, Transvision, and Aora TV. Many TV stations are analog PAL, but some are now switching to digital signals using DVB-T2 following the government's plan for digital television migration.
There are seventy-five radio stations in Jakarta, with fifty-two broadcasts on FM bands, and twenty-three radio stations broadcasting on AM bands.
Economy
Indonesia is ASEAN's largest economy and Jakarta is the economic center of the Indonesian archipelago's economic nerve. The city generated about one-sixth of Indonesia's GDP in 2008. The nominal GDP of Jakarta is US $ 483.8 billion in 2016, which is about 17.5% of Indonesia. Jakarta is ranked 67th in the Global Financial Centers Index 21 issued by Z/Yen. The city has a higher ranking of 62 at the Global Financial Centers Index 22, published in September, 2017. Jakarta is ranked 41st in the Global Power City Index by The Mori Memorial Foundation in 2017. Survey the latest EIU placed Jakarta at the 8th rank. among 45 cities in the world with the highest confidence in the environment for digital transformation, beating London, Madrid, New York, as well as its closest neighbor, Singapore.
The economy of Jakarta relies heavily on services, banking, trade, finance and manufacturing sectors. Most of the industries in Jakarta include electronics, automotive, chemical, mechanical engineering and biomedical science manufacturing. The head offices of Bank Indonesia and Indonesia Stock Exchange are located in the city. Most of the SOEs such as Pertamina, PLN, PGN, Angkasa Pura, BULOG, Telkomsel, Waskita operate from their headquarters in the city. Also a large Indonesian conglomerate maintains its headquarters in Jakarta. Important conglomerates with company offices in the city are Salim Group, Sinar Mas Group, Astra International, Lippo Group, Bakrie Group, Ciputra Group, Agung Podomoro Group, Unilever Indonesia, Djarum, Gudang Garam, Kompas Gramedia, Lion Air, Sriwijaya Air, MedcoEnergi, MNC, Trans Corp, Kalbe Farma, and more.
Jakarta's economic growth in 2007 was 6.44% up from 5.95% a year earlier, with growth in the transport and communications sector (15.25%), construction (7.81%) and trade, hotels and restaurants (6, 88%). In 2007, PDRB (Gross Regional Domestic Product) was Rp. 566 trillion (about US $ 56 billion). The largest contribution to GRDP is through financing, ownership and business services (29%); trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and manufacturing industry sector (16%). In 2007, the increase of GRDP per capita of Jakarta population was 11.6% compared to the previous year. Both GDP at current market prices and GDP in 2000 constant prices in 2007 for the Municipality of Central Jakarta, which is Rp 146 million and Rp. 81 million, higher than other cities in Jakarta. The latest data update is in 2014 at the end of the year Jakarta has GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product) is Rp. 1,761,407 trillion (approximately USD 148.53 billion) with economic growth above 6% per year since 2009. In 2014, the per capita GRDP of Jakarta is Rp 174.87 million or USD 14,727. In 2015, per capita GDP in the city is estimated at Rp 194.87 million or US $ 14,570.
The Wealth Report 2015 by Knight Frank reports that there are 24 people in Indonesia in 2014 with a fortune of at least US $ 1 billion and 18 of them living in Jakarta. The cost of living in the city continues to increase. Land prices and rental rates become expensive. The Mercer's <2017 Life Cost Survey places Jakarta as the 88th most expensive city in the world for foreign workers living. Industrial development and new housing construction are usually done on the outskirts, while trade and banking remain concentrated in the city center. Jakarta has a lively luxury property market. Investment in the property sector, including offices, commercial buildings, new urban development, and high-rise apartments and hotels is growing substantially. Knight Frank, a London-based global real estate consultant, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offers the highest return on top-end property investment in the world by 2013, citing supply shortages and a sharply depreciating currency as an excuse.
Shopping
Jakarta has many shopping centers and markets. With a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta has the largest shopping center area in the world in one city. The annual Jakarta Great Sale is held annually in June and July to celebrate the anniversary of Jakarta, with approximately 73 shopping centers participating in 2012. Mal such as Plaza Indonesia, Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, Plaza Senayan, Senayan City and Pacific Place providing luxury brands, while Taman Anggrek Mall, Pondok Indah Mall, Kelapa Gading Mall, Central Park Jakarta, Lotte Shopping Avenue, Gandaria City, Kota Kasablanka, Kemang Village, Lippo Mall Puri and Bay Walk Mall have high-street brands such as Topshop, Uniqlo and Zara.
Department stores in Senayan City, Supermall Karawaci and Lippo Mall Kemang Village use the Debenhams brand under license, while the Sogo Japanese department store has about seven stores in various shopping centers in the city. Seibu's flagship store is located in Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and the fancy department store France, Galeries Lafayette opened its doors for the first time in Southeast Asia at Pacific Place. The internationally known luxury brands such as Louis Vuitton, Bulgari, Chanel, Gucci, Christian Louboutin, Balenciaga and Giorgio Armani can be found in luxury malls in Jakarta. The Satrio-Casablanca Corridor, 3.5 kilometers of road is a new shopping belt in Jakarta. Many multistorey shopping centers are located here, such as Kuningan City, Ambassador Mall, Kota Kasablanka, and Lotte Shopping Avenue.
Traditional markets include Blok M, Tanah Abang, Senen, Pasar Baru, Glodok, Mangga Dua, Cempaka Mas, and Jatinegara. There are also special markets, which sell antique goods at Surabaya Street and gemstones in Rawabening Market.
Tourism
Although Jakarta was named the most popular location as per story tag and the 8th most posted among cities in the world in 2017 on Instagram photo-sharing website ranking, the city is not top international tourist destinations like neighboring cities like Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Bangkok. Most visitors who are attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists from all over Indonesia. Jakarta ranks 5th as the fastest growing destination city among 132 cities according to MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index published in September, 2017. Those who visit, 59.1% for business, while another 40.9% visit for vacation. According to Top 100 Best Destinations Destinations in Euromonitor International , Jakarta ranks 83 with more than 3.5 million international tourists visited in a year, which is 48.5% higher than the previous year.
As the gateway of Indonesia, Jakarta often serves as a stop for foreign visitors on their way to popular tourist destinations in Indonesia such as Bali, Lombok and Yogyakarta. Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourists with MICE tourism, by regulating the increasing number of conventions. Slowly but surely and gradually tourism contributes an ever-increasing amount of revenue to the city. In 2012, the tourism sector contributed 2.6 trillion rupiah (US $ 268.5 million) to the city's total direct revenue of 17.83 trillion rupiah (1.45 billion US dollars), a 17.9% increase over the previous year. Tourism stakeholders expect greater marketing from Jakarta as a tourist destination.
The popular cultural heritage objects are in the City and around Merdeka Square. The city is the old city center of Jakarta, with the Maritime Museum, the Intan City Bridge, the Zion Church, the Wayang Museum, the Stadhuis Batavia, the Museum of Art and Ceramics, the Red Stores, the Museum Bank Indonesia, the Bank Mandiri Museum, the Jakarta Kota Station, and Glodok (Chinatown Jakarta). In the old port of Sunda Kelapa, the high pinisi ships are still sailing. The Jakarta cathedral with neo-gothic architecture in Central Jakarta also attracts architectural enthusiasts. The Old Town was named the most visited destination in Indonesia in 2017 by Instagram image sharing platform.
In addition to monuments, landmarks and museums around Merdeka Square and Kota Tua Jakarta, the city's attractions include the Thousand Islands, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, Setu Babakan, Ragunan Zoo, the old port of Sunda Kelapa and Ancol Dreamland complex at Teluk Jakarta, including World Fantasy Park (World Fantasy), Sea World, Atlantis Water Adventure, and Gelanggang Samudra. The Thousand Islands, located in the north coast of the city and in the Java Sea are also popular tourist destinations. Since
Most of the famous international hotel chains are present in this city. Jalan Jaksa and the surrounding area are popular among backpackers for cheaper accommodations, travel agents, used bookstores, money changers, laundry, pubs, etc. PIK is a relatively new suburb for hangouts, while Kemang is a favorite suburb for expatriates living.
City tour bus service
The Jakarta city government provides a free-bus bus that offers sightseeing in the city. Tourists can take a free - rate bus, at several designated bus stops in front of the city 's attractions. Several routes of this bus service include major tourist attractions, such as Monas, Istiqlal Mosque, Cathedral, National Museum, Sarinah, Hotel Indonesia crossing, Old Town Park and Kalijodo. The service is expanded to include the Old City in the north, Kalijodo Park in the west and Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in the Senayan area in the south, via Sudirman road. TransJakarta also operates a free tour bus every Saturday from 17.00 - 23.00 to some of the most popular culinary destinations in Central Jakarta.
Infrastructure
Water supply
Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide tap water supply in western and eastern Jakarta respectively under a 25-year concession contract signed in 1998. A public asset-ownership company called PAM Jaya has the infrastructure. 80% of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from the Jatiluhur reservoir on the Citarum River 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. Water supply was privatized by the government of President Soeharto in 1998 to the French company Suez Environnement and the British company Thames Water International. The two foreign companies then sell their concessions to Indonesian companies. The growth of customers in the first 7 years of the concession has been lower than before, despite the large inflation-adjusted tariff rates during this period. In 2005 tariffs were frozen, causing private water companies to reduce investment.
According to PALYJA in the western part of the concession, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% in 1998 to 59% in 2007 and 65% in 2010. According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Management Agency, access in the eastern part of the city is served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004, but stagnated after that. However, other sources cite lower access numbers for tap water supply to homes, excluding access provided through public hydrants: One study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005, while other sources estimated it to be as low as 18.5 % in 2011. Those who do not have access to a piped water supply get water mostly from wells that are often salted and polluted with bacteria. By 2017, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Jakarta has a water crisis.
Health Care
Indonesia's health care system is the best in Southeast Asia along with neighboring countries, such as Singapore, Malaysia or Thailand, the capital city of Jakarta does have the most comprehensive private and public facilities in the country. In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a National Health Insurance (JKN), a scheme to apply universal health care in Indonesia. This scheme is the largest insurance system in the world today that covers about 250 million people. This is one of the greatest achievements of the health care system in Indonesia. It is expected that the entire population will be covered by 2019.
Hospitals in Jakarta have excellent standards; however, they are in great demand and often overcrowded. There are many government-run special hospitals and community health centers in Jakarta. Hospitals and private clinics are the best choice for health services in Jakarta. The private healthcare sector has undergone significant changes over the past few years, as the Indonesian government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. Although there are some private facilities run by non-profit or religious organizations, most are for profit. There are many hospital chains with branches operating in the city, such as Siloam, Mayapada, Family Partners, Medika, Medistra, Hermina and many others.
Transport
As a metropolitan area of ​​about 30 million people, Jakarta has various transportation systems. However, Jakarta is still choked by traffic jams during rush hours. Cities prioritize the construction of road networks, most of which are designed to accommodate private vehicles. According to the National Development Planning Agency, or Bappenas, traffic congestion in Jakarta Raya spends about $ 7.4 billion annually due to the high number of motorcycles and cars on the road. By 2015, about 1.4 million commuters travel to the city center from the outskirts of Jakarta. Based on the survey, 58 percent of these commuters use motorcycles, 12.8 percent use cars and only 27 percent use public transportation. The average annual growth of motor vehicles 9.5% annually far exceeds the 0.01% increase in road length between 2005 and 2010. In 2010, public transportation in Jakarta served only 56% of commuter travel. The first public transportation system in the city was the Jakarta Tramline, which began in 1869 and ceased operations after serving nearly a century in 1962. Currently the public transport system in Jabodetabek consists of BRT TransJakarta, Jabodetabek KRL commuter train, and Soekarno-Link Airport Rail Hatta. Other transport systems, currently under construction are the Jakarta MRT and LRT Jakarta, which are expected to be operational by 2018.
Road
A structured road network was developed in the early 19th century as part of Great Post Road Java by former Governor-General Daendels, which links most of the major cities throughout Java. Over the next decades, the road network expanded to a great extent, although it was unable to keep up with the rapidly increasing number of motor vehicles, resulting in heavy traffic. An important feature of the current Jakarta road system is the toll road network. Consisting of an inner and outer ring road and five freeways toll roads, this network provides both in and out of town connections. Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 is a toll road in development that covers the greater Jakarta area, parallel to the Outer Ring Road of Jakarta. Also Elevated Highway Jakarta with a special public transport route, which connects 69.17 kilometers long Ring Road In Jakarta is under construction.
Over the years, much effort has been made to reduce traffic congestion on the city's major streets including the 'three-in-one' law, where cars with fewer than three passengers are inhabited, banning trucks passing the main road during the day , and finally in 2016, a 'weird-even' policy was introduced that sets cars with odd numbered or even numbered plates on a given day. All of these steps are carried out as a transitional step to reduce traffic congestion until the introduction of Electronic Road Prices, which is expected to be operational by 2019 along with the opening of MRT Jakarta.
There are many bus terminals in the city, from which buses operate on various routes to connect neighborhoods within city limits, to other areas of Jakarta and cities across Java. The largest bus terminal is Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal, which is arguably the largest in Southeast Asia.
Many taxis are available in town. Many companies operate and maintain a pool of different models of cars with their brands along with travel-based applications that welcome GO-JEK and Grab. In 1971 Pedicabs (pedicabs) were banned from the main roads, and soon the government tried a total ban, which substantially reduced their numbers but did not eliminate them. During the early 1940s until 1991, the Bajaj auto rickshaw was a public transportation mode, which was only allowed in the back streets of some parts of the city today. Microbial transport also plays a major role in road transport in Jakarta. They operate on various routes to connect city environments. Although ojek (motorcycle taxi) is not a form of official public transportation, they can be found throughout Indonesia and in Jakarta. Currently most of the motorcycles are operated under the company's rising application base such as GO-JEK and Grab.
TransJakarta serves as a bus rapid transit service for the city, as well as parts of Jabodetabek area which has the longest bus route in the world bus (210 kilometers (130 miles) long). TransJakarta has 128 routes in April 2018 (corridors, cross routes & feed routes) - a significant increase of 41 routes by 2015. TransJakarta has targeted to serve one million passengers per day by the end of 2018. In early 2017, TransJakarta has 1,500 buses with plan to double that number to 3,000 by the end of the year. In addition to TransJakarta, other private bus systems such as Kopaja, MetroMini, Mayasari Bakti and APTB also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with many routes throughout the city.
Rel
Long-distance trains and local tram services were first introduced during the Dutch colonial era. While the tram was replaced by buses in the post-colonial era, long-distance trains continue to connect the city to the surrounding areas as well as cities across the island of Java. The main terminals for long distance train services are Gambir and Pasar Senen. High-speed trains are planned to connect Jakarta-Bandung and Jakarta-Surabaya.
KRL Jabodetabek is a commuter train system that serves passengers in Jabodetabek, which includes Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, South Tangerang, and Bekasi and Rangkasbitung in Banten and Cikarang in Bekasi Regency. The rail system uses rolling stock from fast transport standards and operates at high frequencies with minimum headway. The average daily passenger is about 0.95 million with a total of 315.8 million commuters using Jabodetabek KRL in 2017.
MRT Jakarta is currently under construction, which will have a north-south line between Kota and Lebak Bulus; and the east-west route, which will connect to the north-south line at Sawah Besar station. The first, 15.2 km long length between Hotel Indonesia and Lebak Bulus is scheduled to be operational by 2018, and the north-south MRT line network is scheduled to be operational by 2020. Total network length at completion will be approximately 110.8 kilometers (68.8 miles).
LRT Jakarta is also currently under construction, which was launched to replace the previously abandoned monorail project. The system is planned to connect Jakarta's city center with the outskirts of Jabodetabek such as Bekasi, Bogor, and Depok. The first phase of development will connect East Bekasi and Cibubur with Dukuh Atas in downtown Central Jakarta, past the Cawang intersection. This phase will be 42.1 kilometers (26.2 miles) long, which includes 18 stations, and is expected to be operational in the first half of 2018, before the 2018 Asian Games.
The Soekarno-Hatta Airport Train link is a commuter train service connecting Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to the city center. Other express train services are currently in the planning stages to connect Soekarno-Hatta International Airport with Halim Perdanakusuma Airport. Completion of this line is expected to be in 2019 soonest.
Air
Soekarno-Hatta International Airport (CGK) is the main airport serving Jabodetabek area, located in Tangerang, Banten. Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is ranked 17th as
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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