A vacuum cleaner , also known as a sweeper or suctioner , is a device that uses air pumps (centrifugal fans in all but some of the oldest models ), to create a partial vacuum for vacuuming and dirt, usually from the floor, and from other surfaces such as upholstery and curtains.
The dirt is collected by a bag of dust or cyclone for disposal later. Vacuum cleaners, used both at home and in the industry, come in a variety of sizes and models of small battery-powered, wheeled tube models for home use, domestic central vacuum cleaners, large stationary industrial equipment that can handle several hundred liters of dust before being emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for the recovery of large spills or contaminated land disposal. Special store vacuums can be used for vacuuming and liquids.
Video Vacuum cleaner
Name
Although the vacuum cleaner is a neutral name, in some countries (England, Ireland) hoover is used as a generic trademark, and as a verb. The name is derived from Hoover Company, one of the first and most influential companies in device development. These devices are also sometimes called sweepers although the same term also refers to carpet sweepers, similar findings.
Maps Vacuum cleaner
History
Vacuum cleaners evolved from carpet sweepers through manual vacuum cleaners. The first manual model, using bellows, was developed in the 1860s, and the first motor design appeared at the turn of the 20th century, with the first decade being a booming decade.
Vacuums manual
In 1860, a carpet sweeper was invented by Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa who collected dust with a spinning brush and a bellows to produce suction. Another early model (1869) was "Whirlwind," which was discovered in Chicago in 1868 by Ives W. McGaffey. The large device that works with the belt-driven fan is turned on by the hand that makes it awkward to operate, although it is commercially marketed with varying success. A similar model was built by Melville R. Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1876, which also produces carpet sweepers. The company then added a portable vacuum cleaner to its cleaning line.
Powerful vacuum cleaners
The late 19th century saw the introduction of powered cleaners, although the early types used some variations of air blow to clean instead of suction. One appeared in 1898 when John S. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri filed a patent (US No. 634,042) for "pneumatic carpet polish" which blew dust into the container. The Thurman system, powered by an internal combustion engine, travels to the customer's residence with a horse drawn carriage as part of a door-to-door cleaning service. Corrine Dufour of Savannah, Georgia received two patents in 1899 and 1900 for another air system that appears to have featured the first use of electric motors.
In 1901 a vacuum-powered cleaner using suction was created independently by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth and American inventor David T. Kenney. Booth may also have invented the word "vacuum cleaner". The Puffing Billy-powered Booth-built horse combustion engine, probably derived from a blowing Thurman air design, "relies only on suction with air pumped through fabric filters and is offered as part of its cleaning service." Kenney is a stationary 4,000 lb steam engine. with pipes and hoses that reach to all parts of the building.
Domestic vacuum cleaner
The first portable vacuum cleaner and marketed in the domestic market was built in 1905 by Walter Griffiths, a manufacturer in Birmingham, England. His Improved Vacuum Griffith Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets is similar to modern cleaners; - it's portable, easy to store, and powered by "anyone (like a regular housekeeper)", who will have the task of compressing a bellows-like tool to vacuum dust through a flexible, removable pipe, for which various nozzles formed can be attached.
In 1906 James B. Kirby developed the first of many vacuums called "Domestic Cyclones". It uses water for the separation of dirt. Then the later revision became known as Kirby Vacuum Cleaner. In 1907 the department store janitor James Murray Spangler (1848-1915) from Canton, Ohio invented the first portable electric vacuum cleaner, obtained a patent for the Electric Suction Sweeper on June 2, 1908. Importantly, besides the suction of an electric fan that blew dirt and dust into the soap box and one of his wife's pillowcases, the Spangler design uses a rotating brush to loosen the debris. Unable to produce his own design for lack of funds, he sold a patent in 1908 to local leather goods manufacturer William Henry Hoover (1849-1932), which owns a redesigned Spangler engine with steel casing, casters, and attachments, in 1922 renamed the Hoover Company. Their first vacancy was the 1908 Model O, which sold for $ 60. Subsequent innovations included a battering bar in 1919 ("It beat while sweeping as it cleansed"), a disposable filter bag in 1920, and an upright vacuum cleaner in 1926.
In Continental Europe, the Fisker and Nielsen companies in Denmark were the first to sell vacuum cleaners in 1910. The design weighs only 17.5 kg (39 pounds) and can be operated by one person. Swedish company Electrolux launched their Model V in 1921 with the innovation of being able to lie on the floor on two thin metal runners. In the 1930s the German company Vorwerk began marketing vacuum cleaners of their own designs they sold through direct sales.
Second Post World War
For years after their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury, but after World War II they became common among the middle class. Vacuums tend to be more common in Western countries because in most other parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpets are rare and homes have tiles or hardwood floors, which are easy to wipe, remove or mop manually without electrical help.
The last decades of the 20th century saw the use of wider technology developed earlier, including the separation of unchecked cyclone filth, central vacuum systems, and rechargeable vacuums. In addition, miniature computer technology and improved battery life enable the development of new engine types - autonomous robotic vacuum cleaners. In 1997 Electrolux of Sweden demonstrated Electrolux Trilobite, the first autonomous autonomous robotic vacuum cleaner on the BBC-TV program Tomorrow 'World, introduced it to the consumer market in 2001.
Recent developments
In 2004 a British company released Airider, a floating vacuum cleaner that floats on an air cushion, similar to hovercraft. It's claimed to be lightweight and easier to maneuver (than using a wheel), although this is not the first vacuum cleaner to do this - Hoover Constellation preceded it for at least 35 years.
British inventors have developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Technology, which, instead of using a vacuum, uses airflow to collect dust from the carpet. This technology was tested by the Market Transformation Program (MTP) and proved to be more energy efficient than the vacuum method. Although the working prototype exists, Air Recycling Technology is currently not used in clean production.
Modern Configuration
A variety of technologies, designs and configurations are available for domestic and commercial cleaning jobs.
Upright
Upright vacuum cleaners are very popular in the United States, Britain and a number of Commonwealth countries, but are unusual in some Continental European countries. They take the form of a cleaning head, where the grip and the bag are attached. The upright design generally uses a brushbrush or spinning pad, which removes dirt through a combination of sweep and vibration. There are two types of vacuums perpendicular; dirty-air/direct fan (mostly found in commercial vacuum), or clean-air/fan-bypass (found in most domestic vacuums today).
The older of the two designs, the direct fan cleaner has a large impeller (fan) mounted close to the suction opening, where the dirt passes directly, before being blown into the bag. The motor is often cooled by a separate cooling fan. Due to their large bladed fans, and relatively short airstrips, direct fan cleaners create a highly efficient air flow from low amounts of power, and make effective carpet cleaners. Their "on the floor" cleaning power is less efficient, because airflow is lost when it passes long hoses, and the fan has been optimized for airflow volume and not suction.
The fan-bypass passenger has a motor mounted after the filter bag. Dust is removed from the airflow by the bag, and usually filters, before passing the fan. Fans are smaller, and are usually a combination of several moving and stationary turbines that work sequentially to increase power. The motor is cooled by the airflow through it. Vacuum bypass Fan is good for cleaning the carpet and upstairs, since the suction does not decrease significantly at the interval distance, as does the direct fan cleaner. However, their air paths are much less efficient, and can require more than twice as much power than direct fan cleaners to achieve the same result.
The most common upright vacuum cleaners use drive-belts powered by a suction motor to rotate the brush rolls. However, a more general design of the upright double motor is available. In this purifier, suction is carried out through a large motor, while the brush brush is powered by a separate and smaller motor, which does not produce suction. The brush-busting motor can sometimes be switched off, so the hard floor can be cleaned without a scratch-roll brush of dirt. It may also have an automatic cut-off feature that turns the motor off if the roll of the brush becomes stuck, protecting it from damage.
Canister
The tube model (in the UK also often called the cylinder model) dominates the European market. They have motors and dust collectors (using bags or bags) in separate units, usually mounted on wheels, which are connected to a vacuum head with flexible hose. Their main advantage is flexibility, because users can attach different heads to different tasks, and maneuverability (heads can reach under the furniture and make it very easy to suck up ladders and vertical surfaces). Many cylinder models have electric heads as standard or additional equipment containing the same mechanical shaker type as in upright units, making it efficient on carpet as an upright model. This kind of shaker is driven by a separate electric motor or turbine that uses suction power to rotate the toothbrush through the belt.
Drum
Shop vac models or models are essentially heavy industrial versions of cylinder vacuum cleaners, where the canister consists of a large, vertically positioned drum that can be stationary or wheeled. Smaller versions, for use in garages or small workshops, are usually electrically powered. Larger models, which can store more than 200 liters (44 gallons, 53 gallons US), are often connected to compressed air, utilizing the Venturi effect to produce a partial vacuum. The built-in dust collection system is also used in many workshops.
Wet/dry
Wet or dry/wet vacuum cleaners are special forms of cylinder/drum models that can be used to clean wet or liquid spills. They are generally designed for use both indoors and outdoors and to accommodate wet and dry debris; some also equipped with removable exhaust or blower ports to reverse airflow, a useful function for everything from clearing a clogged hose to blowing dust to a corner for easy collection.
Pneumatic
Pneumatic or pneumatic wet or dry vacuum cleaners are special forms of wet/dry models that connect pressurized air. They can usually accommodate both wet and dry soils, useful features in industrial plants and manufacturing facilities.
Backpack
Vacuum cleaners of backpacks are generally used for commercial cleaning: they allow the user to move quickly about a large area. They are basically small tube vacuums tied to the user's back.
Hands
Lightweight handheld vacuum cleaners, whether powered from rechargeable batteries or electric power, are also popular for cleaning up smaller spills. Commonly seen examples include Black & amp; Decker DustBuster, introduced in 1979, and a handful of handheld models by Dirt Devil, first introduced in 1984. Several hand-held battery-powered vacuums; the tool should be partially dismantled and cleaned after taking the wet material, to avoid unpleasant odor.
Robotic
In the late 1990s and early 2000s, some companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners, a form of carpet sweeper usually equipped with limited suction power. Some of the famous brands are Roomba, Neato, and bObsweep. These machines move independently while collecting dust and dirt on the surface into dustbins. They can usually navigate the furniture and return to the docking station to charge their batteries, and some can empty their dust containers to the dock as well. Most models are equipped with a motorized brush and a vacuum motor to collect dust and debris. While most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for home use, some models are suitable for operations in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc.
In December 2009, Neato Robotics launched the world's first robotic robot vacuum cleaner using a rotation-based laser range (lidar) to scan and map around it. It uses this map to clean the floor methodically, even if it requires the robot to return to its base several times to recharge itself. In many cases will be seen when the previously inaccessible floor area becomes affordable, such as when the dog wakes up from siesta, and returns to the vacuum of the area. It also has the strongest impeller among the vacuum cleaning robots, pulling 35 CFM (1 m 3 /min) air.
Cyclonic
Portable vacuum cleaners working on the principle of cyclone separation became popular in the 1990s. The principle of this separation of impurities is well known and often used in central vacuum systems. Cleveland's P.A. The Geier Company has obtained a patent on an early cyclone vacuum cleaner in 1928, which was later sold to Health-Mor in 1939, introducing the Queen Cyclonic filter vacuum cleaner filter.
In 1979, James Dyson introduced a portable unit with cyclone separation, adapting this design from an industrial sawmill. He launched his first typhoon cleaner in Japan in the 1980s at a cost of about US $ 1800 and in 1993 released Dyson DC01 upright in the UK for £ 200. Critics predicted that people would not buy a vacuum cleaner twice the price of a conventional unit, but the design Dyson then became the most popular cleaner in the UK.
Cyclone cleaners do not use filtration pouches. Instead, the dust is separated in a removable bin or bin container. Air and dust are sucked at high speed into the collecting vessel in the direction that intersects the vessel wall, creating a rapidly spinning vortex. Dust particles and other debris move to the outside of the ship by centrifugal force, where they fall due to gravity.
In a fixed-installation central vacuum cleaner, the cleaned air may be discharged directly outside without the need for further filtration. A well-designed cyclone filtration system loses suction power due to airflow restrictions only when the collecting vessel is nearly full. This is very different from the bag filter system, which loses suck when the pores in the filter become clogged because dirt and dust are collected.
In a portable cyclone model, the clean air from the center of the vortex is removed from the engine after passing through a number of finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles that can damage the next filter which removes fine dust particles. Filters should be regularly cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to work efficiently.
Because of Dyson's success in raising public awareness about cyclone separations, several other companies have introduced cyclone models. Competing manufacturers include Hoover, Bissell, Shark, Eureka, Electrolux, Queen Filters, etc., and the cheapest models are no more expensive than conventional cleaners.
Middle
The central vacuum cleaner, also known as built-in or distributed, is a type of tube/cylinder model that has a motor and dirt filtration unit located at a central location in the building, and is connected by a pipe to a fixed vacuum duct installed throughout the building. Only the hose and the cleaning head must be carried from room to room, and the hose is usually 8 m (25 ft), allowing various movements without changing the vacuum channel. Plastic or metal pipes connect the entrance to the central unit. The vacuum head may not be driven, or have beaters operated by an electric motor or by an air-driven turbine.
Pockets of sewage or collection points in a central vacuum system are usually very large so that discharge or replacement needs to be done less frequently, perhaps several times per year for ordinary households. The central unit usually remains in a stand-by position, and is turned on by a switch on the hose handle. Alternately, the unit is powered up when the hose is plugged into the inlet wall, when the metal hose connector makes contact with the two branches in the inlet wall and the current control is transmitted via a low voltage cable to the main unit.
A central vacuum usually produces larger suction than a common portable vacuum cleaner because larger fans and stronger motors can be used when they are not needed to be portable. The cyclone separation system, if used, does not lose the suction because the collection container is filled, until the container is almost full. This is very different from the bag filter design, which begins to lose suction immediately because the pores in the filter become clogged by the accumulation of dirt and dust.
The benefit for allergy sufferers is that unlike a standard vacuum cleaner, which must blow some of the dirt that is collected back into the room being cleaned (no matter how efficient the filtration is), the central vacuum removes all the impurities collected into the central unit. Since this central unit is usually located outside the living room, no dust is recirculated back to the room being cleaned. It is also possible in most of the newer models to vent the exhaust completely outside, even with units inside the dwelling.
Another benefit of the central vacuum is, because of the remote location of the motor unit, there is less noise in the room being cleaned than with a standard vacuum cleaner.
Constellation
The Hoover Company marketed an unusual vacuum cleaner, called Constellation , in the 1960s. This type of cylinder does not have wheels, and instead the vacuum cleaner floats in its exhaust, operating as a hovercraft, though this is not true for the earliest models. They have a spinning hose with the intention that the user will place the unit in the center of the room, and work around the cleaners. Introduced in 1954, they can be billed, and easily identifiable with their ball shapes. But they remain an interesting machine; restored, they work well at home with lots of hardwood floors.
The constellation changed and renewed for years until it was discontinued in 1975. This Constellation route drains all the exhausts under vacuum using different airfoils. The updated design is quiet even by modern standards, especially in the carpet because it muffles the sound. These models float on carpet or bare floors - albeit on hard floors, exhaust air tends to spread feathers or dirt around them.
Hoover re-released the latest version of this Constellation model in the US (model # S3341 in Pearl White and # S3345 in stainless steel). Changes include HEPA filtration bags, 12-amp motors, turbine-powered brush rolls, and redesigned grip versions. This same model is marketed in the UK under the Maytag brand as Satellite due to licensing restrictions. It was sold from 2006 to 2009.
Vehicles
See vacuum trucks for a huge vacuum cleaner mounted on a vehicle.
More
Some other vacuum cleaners include an electric mop on the same machine: to dry and then wet clean.
The iRobot Company developed Scooba, a robotic wet vacuum cleaner that carried its own cleaning solution, applied it and scrubbed floors, and drained dirty water into the collecting tanks.
Technology
Vacuum suction is caused by the difference in air pressure. Electrically driven fans (often universal motors) reduce the pressure inside the engine. The atmospheric pressure then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, so dust is literally pushed into the bag.
Tests show that vacuuming can kill 100% of young lice and 96% of adult lice.
Exhaust filtration
Vacuums by its nature cause dust to become air, with exhausting air that is not fully filtered. This can cause health problems because the operator eventually inhales the inhaled dust, which is also diverted to the area being cleaned. There are several methods that manufacturers use to control this problem, some of which can be combined together in one tool. Usually the filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes through it before it reaches the motor, and then air filtered through the motor for cooling purposes. Some other designs use a completely separate air intake for cooling.
It is almost impossible for a practical air filter to completely remove all ultrafine particles from the airflow laden with dirt. The ultra-efficient air filters will soon become clogged and become ineffective during everyday use, and the practical filter is a compromise between filtering effectiveness and airflow restrictions. One way to avoid this problem is by filtering the partially filtered air outward, which is a design feature of some central vacuum systems. Specially designed portable vacuums can also take advantage of this design, but are more awkward to set up and use, requiring temporary installation from separate drain hoses to exterior windows.
- Bags: The most common method for capturing vacuumed debris is paper or cloth bags that allow air to enter, but try to trap most of the dust and dirt. It may be disposable, or designed to be cleaned and reused.
- Without a bag: In a model without a cyclone bag, the role of the bag is taken by a removable container and reusable filter, equivalent to a reusable cloth bag.
- Cyclone separation: The vacuum cleaner using this method can not be saved either. This causes air to come in for cycling or spinning so fast that most of the dust is forced out of the air and fall into the garbage collection. This operation is similar to a centrifuge.
- Water filtration: First seen commercially in 1920 in Newcombe Separator (later Rexair Rainbow), a water-vacuum cleaner using a water bath as a filter. This forces the dung-in air to pass through the water before it runs out, so that wet dust can not become air. The trap water filtering and low speed also allows the user to use the machine as an air purifier and a stand alone humidifier unit. Dirty water should be removed and tools should be cleaned after use, to avoid bacterial and fungal growth, causing unpleasant odors.
- Ultra fine air filter: Also called filtered HEPA, this method is used as a secondary filter after air passes through other machines. This is intended to remove any remaining dust that may harm the operator. Some vacuum cleaners also use active charcoal filters to remove odors.
Regular vacuum cleaners should not be used to clean asbestos fibers, even if equipped with HEPA filters. Specially designed machines are needed to clean asbestos safely.
Attachments
Most vacuum cleaners are supplied with many special attachments, such as tools, brushes and extension sticks, allowing them to reach places that are not accessible or used to clean various surfaces. The most common tools are:
- Hard floor brush (for non-upright design)
- Powered floor nozzle (for tube design)
- Dustbrush
- Hatch tool
- Nozzle coating
Specifications
The performance of a vacuum cleaner can be measured with several parameters:
- Airflow, in liters per second [l/s] or cubic feet per minute (CFM or ftÃ,³/mnt)
- Airspeed, in meters per second [m/s] or miles per hour [mph]
- Suction, vacuum, or water lift, in pascal [Pa] or inch of water
Other specifications of the vacuum cleaner are:
- Weight, in kilograms [kg] or pound [lb]
- Noise, in decibels [dB]
- Length of power cord and hose length (as applicable)
Suction
The suction is the maximum pressure difference that the pump can generate. For example, a typical domestic model has a negative around 20 kPa. This means it can lower the pressure inside the hose from normal atmospheric pressure (about 100 kPa) by 20 kPa. The higher the suction rating, the stronger the cleaner. One inch of water is equivalent to about 249 Pa; therefore, a typical suction is 80 inches (2,000 mm) of water.
Input power
The power consumption of a vacuum cleaner, in watts, is often the only number declared. Many North American vacuum manufacturers provide current only in amperes (eg "6 amps"), and consumers are allowed to multiply it by a 120-volt voltage to get an approximate power rating in watts. The measured input power does not show the effectiveness of the cleaner, just how much electricity it spends.
After September 1, 2014, due to EU rule, the creation of a vacuum cleaner with a power consumption greater than 1,600 watts will be banned, and by 2017 no vacuum cleaner with a wattage greater than 900 watts will be allowed.
Output power
The amount of input power converted into airflow at the end of the cleaning hose is sometimes stated, and measured in airwatts : the unit of measurement is just watts. The word "air" is used to make it clear that this is the output power, not the input power.
Airwatt comes from an English unit. ASTM International defines airwatt as 0.117354 ÃÆ'â € "F ÃÆ'â € S, where F is the airflow rate in ft 3 /min and S is the pressure in inches of water. This makes one airwatt equal to 0.9983 watts.
See also
References
Further reading
- Booth, H. Cecil "Origin of the vacuum cleaner," Transaction from the Newcomen Society , 1934-1935, Volume 15.
- Gantz, Carroll. Vacuum Cleaner: A History (McFarland, 2012), 230 pp
External links
Vacuum cleaner in curlie (based on DMOZ)
- How it Works Stuff - Vacuum Cleaner
- HEPA & amp; ULPA vacuum cleaners - what they can and can not do for IAQ
- The invention of the vacuum cleaner, by H Cecil Booth (quote) in Wayback Machine (archived February 20, 2008)
- The Historyscoper - an online course on the history of vacuum cleaners with reference hyperlinks
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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