Abortion is the end of pregnancy by removing the embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the womb. Spontaneous abortion is also known as a miscarriage. Abortion can be caused intentionally and then called an induced abortion, or more rarely, a "miscarriage caused". The word abortion is often used to define an induced abortion only. A similar procedure after the fetus has the potential to persist outside the womb is known as "late pregnancy termination".
When permitted by law, abortion in developed countries is one of the safest procedures in medicine. Modern methods of using drugs or surgery for abortion. Mifepristone drugs in combination with prostaglandins appear to be safe and effective such as surgery during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Birth control, such as pills or intrauterine devices, can be used immediately after an abortion. When done legally and safely, induced abortion does not increase the risk of long-term mental or physical problems. Conversely, unsafe abortion (by unskilled individuals, with harmful equipment, or in unhealthy facilities) causes 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital admissions each year. The World Health Organization recommends safe and legal abortions available to all women.
Approximately 56 million abortions are done annually in the world, with about 45% done unsafe. The rates of abortion changed little between 2003 and 2008, before they declined for at least two decades as access to family planning and birth control increased. As of 2008, 40% of women in the world have access to unlimited legal abortion for reasons. Countries that allow abortion have different restrictions on how late pregnancy abortion is allowed.
Historically, abortions have been tried using herbal medicines, sharp instruments, strong massage, or through other traditional methods. Abortion laws and cultural or religious views about abortion differ across the world. In some areas abortion is only legal in certain cases such as rape, problems with the fetus, poverty, risks to women's health, or incest. In many places there is much debate about the moral, ethical, and legal issues of abortion. Those who oppose abortion often maintain that embryos or fetuses are human beings with the right to life, so they can compare abortion with murder. Those who support the legality of abortion often argue that a woman has the right to make decisions about her own body. Others prefer legal abortion and can be accessed as a public health measure.
Video Abortion
Type
Induced
About 205 million pregnancies occur every year worldwide. More than a third is not accidental and around the end of the fifth in an induced abortion. Most of the abortion results from unwanted pregnancy. In the UK, 1 to 2% of abortions are performed due to genetic problems in the fetus. Pregnancy can be deliberately canceled in some way. The preferred way often depends on the age of the pregnancy of the embryo or fetus, which increases the size during pregnancy. Special procedures may also be chosen because of legality, regional availability, and physicians or personal preferences of women.
The reason for induced abortion is usually marked as therapy or elective. Abortion is medically referred to as therapeutic abortion when done to save the life of a pregnant woman; to prevent harm to the physical or mental health of women; to terminate a pregnancy where the indication is that the child will have a significantly increased chance of death or morbidity; or selectively reduce the number of fetuses to reduce the health risks associated with multiple pregnancies. Abortion is referred to as elective or voluntary abortion when done at the request of women for non-medical reasons. Confusion sometimes arises during the term "elective" because "elective surgery" generally refers to all scheduled operations, whether medically necessary or not.
spontaneous
Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of the embryo or fetus prior to the 24th week of pregnancy. Pregnancy that ends before 37 weeks of pregnancy produces a live birth baby known as "premature birth" or "premature birth". When a fetus dies in the womb after survival, or during labor, it is usually called "stillbirth". Premature birth and stillbirth are generally not considered miscarriages although the use of this term can sometimes overlap.
Only 30% to 50% conception that made it through the first trimester. Most of those who do not develop disappear before women realize conception, and many pregnancies disappear before the medical practitioner can detect the embryo. Between 15% and 30% of known pregnancies end up with a clinically clear miscarriage, depending on the age and health of the pregnant woman. 80% of these spontaneous abortions occur in the first trimester.
The most common cause of spontaneous abortion during the first trimester is an embryo or fetal chromosomal abnormality, accounting for at least 50% of prenatal early pregnancies. Other causes include vascular disease (such as lupus), diabetes, other hormonal problems, infections, and uterine abnormalities. Promoting maternal age and previous spontaneous abortion of spontaneous women are two major factors associated with a greater risk of spontaneous abortion. Spontaneous abortion may also be caused by unintentional trauma; trauma or intentional stress to cause a miscarriage is considered an induced or induced abortion or fictitious.
Maps Abortion
Method
Medical
Medical abortion is caused by abortifacient drugs. Medical abortion became an alternative method of abortion with the availability of prostaglandin analogues in 1970 and the antiprogestogen mifepristone (also known as RU-486) ​​in the 1980s.
The most common first trimester early medical abortion regimen uses mifepristone in combination with prostaglandin analogues (misoprostol or gemeprost) until 9 weeks of gestation, methotrexate in combination with prostaglandin analogs to 7 weeks' gestation, or prostaglandin analogues only. Mifepristone-misoprostol combination regimens work faster and more effectively at later gestations than combination regimens of methotrexate-misoprostol, and combination regimens are more effective than misoprostol alone. This regime is effective in the second trimester. Medical abortion regimens involving mifepristone followed by misoprostol on the cheeks between 24 and 48 hours are then effective when done before 63 days of gestation.
In very early abortions, up to 7 weeks' gestation, medical abortion using a combination combination of mifepristone-misoprostol is considered more effective than surgical abortion (vacuum aspiration), especially when clinical practice does not include detailed examination of aspirated tissue. Early medical abortion regimens use mifepristone, followed 24-48 hours later by buccal or vaginal misoprostol 98% effective until 9 weeks' gestation. If medical abortion fails, surgical abortion should be used to complete the procedure.
Early medical abortion caused most abortions before 9 weeks of pregnancy in England, France, Switzerland, and Nordic countries. In the United States, the percentage of early medical abortions is much lower.
Medical abortion regimens using mifepristone in combination with analogous prostaglandins are the most commonly used method for second trimester abortions in Canada, most of Europe, China and India, unlike the United States where 96% of second trimester abortions are performed surgically. by widening and evacuation.
Surgery
Until 15 weeks of gestation, suction aspiration or vacuum aspiration is the most common method of surgical abortion. Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) consists of removing the fetus or embryo, placenta, and membrane by suction using manual syringe, while the aspirated electric vacuum (EVA) uses an electric pump. These techniques differ in the mechanisms used to apply suction, on how early their pregnancy can be used, and whether cervical dilatation is required.
MVA, also known as "mini suction" and "menstrual extraction", can be used in very early pregnancy, and does not require cervical dilatation. Dilatation and curettage (D & amp; C), the second most common method of surgical abortion, is a standard gynecological procedure performed for various reasons, including examination of the uterine lining for possible malignancy, abnormal bleeding, and abortion. Curettage refers to cleansing the uterine wall with curettage. The World Health Organization recommends this procedure, also called sharp curette, only when MVA is not available.
From the 15th week of pregnancy until around the 26th, another technique should be used. Widening and evacuation (D & amp; E) consists of opening the cervix and emptying it using a surgical and suction instrument. After the 16th week of pregnancy, abortion can also be caused by dilation and intact extraction (IDX) (also called intrauterine cranial decompression), which requires decompression of fetal head surgery before evacuation. The BEI is sometimes called "partial birth abortion", which has been banned federally in the United States.
In the third trimester of pregnancy, the induced abortion can be performed through surgery and intact extraction or with hysterotomy. Hysterotomy abortion is a procedure similar to a caesarean section and performed under general anesthesia. This requires a smaller incision than a caesarean section and is used during the late stages of pregnancy.
The first trimester procedure can generally be performed using local anesthesia, while the second trimester method may require deep sedation or general anesthesia.
Abortion induction of labor
In places where there is no medical skill required for dilation and extraction, or where favored by practitioners, abortion may be caused by the first labor and then encourage fetal death if necessary. This is sometimes called "induced miscarriage". This procedure can be done from 13 weeks into the third trimester. Although very rare in the United States, more than 80% of abortions induced during the second trimester are labor-induced abortions in Sweden and other nearby countries.
Only limited data are available that compare this method with widening and extraction. Unlike D & amp; E, a labor-induced abortion after 18 weeks may be complicated by a brief fetal survival, which may be legally characterized as a live birth. For this reason, labor-induced abortions are legally at risk in the United States.
Other methods
Historically, a number of famous herbs have abortifacient properties have been used in traditional medicine. Among them are: tansy, pennyroyal, black cohosh, and the now extinct silphium.
However, modern users of this plant are often less knowledgeable about the use and proper dosage. The medical historian John Riddle has spoken of a "damaged knowledge chain", and science historian Ann Hibner Koblitz has written,
US women of European descent may have become very ignorant of the wealth of herbal medicine collected by previous generations for centuries. And sometimes their efforts to restore knowledge can be disastrous.
For example, in 1978 a woman in Colorado died and another was seriously injured as they attempted an abortion by taking pennyroyal oil. Since the use of indiscriminate herbs as abortifacients can cause serious side effects - even fatal, such as multiple organ failure, such use is not recommended by physicians.
Abortion is sometimes tried by causing trauma to the abdomen. Strength levels, if severe, can cause serious internal injury without successfully triggering a miscarriage. In Southeast Asia, there is an ancient tradition to try abortions through powerful abdominal massage. One of the reliefs that decorate Angkor Wat temples in Cambodia describes a demon doing such an abortion against a woman who has been sent to hell.
Reported methods of unsafe and self-induced abortion include misoprostol abuse, and insertion of non-surgical instruments such as knitting needles and clothes hanger into the uterus. This method and other methods to terminate a pregnancy can be called "induced miscarriage". Such methods are rarely used in countries where surgical abortion is legal and available.
Security
The health risks of abortion mainly depend on whether the procedure is done safely or unsafe. The World Health Organization defines unsafe abortion as is done by unskilled individuals, with dangerous equipment, or in unhealthy facilities. Legal abortion in developed countries is one of the safest procedures in medicine. In the US, the risk of maternal mortality from abortion is 0.7 per 100,000 procedures, making abortion about 13 times safer for women than for childbirth (8.8 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births). In the United States from 2000 to 2009, abortions have a lower mortality rate than plastic surgery. The mortality risk associated with abortion increases with gestational age, but remains lower than birth through at least 21 weeks' gestation. Outpatient abortion is safe and effective from 64 to 70 days of gestation age ranging from 57 to 63 days. Medical abortion is safe and effective for pregnancy earlier than 6 weeks' gestation.
First-trimester vacuum aspiration is the safest method of surgical abortion, and can be done in primary care offices, abortion clinics, or hospitals. Complications, which are rare, may include uterine perforation, pelvic infection, and conception products requiring a second procedure for evacuation. Infection is the cause of one-third of abortion-related deaths in the United States. The rate of complications of vacuum aspiration abortion in the first trimester is the same regardless of whether the procedure is performed in a hospital, surgical center, or office. Preventive antibiotics (such as doxycycline or metronidazole) are usually administered before elective abortion, as they are believed to substantially reduce the risk of postoperative uterine infection. The rate of procedure failure does not seem to vary significantly depending on whether the abortion is performed by a doctor or a mid-level practitioner. Complications after abortion in the second trimester are the same as the first trimester abortion, and depending on the method chosen. Second trimester abortions are generally well tolerated.
There is little difference in the safety and efficacy of medical abortion using a combination regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol and surgical abortion (vacuum aspiration) at the beginning of the first trimester of pregnancy up to 9 weeks. Medical abortion using misoprostol analog prostaglandin alone is less effective and more painful than medical abortion using a combined regimen of mifepristone and misoprostol or surgical abortion.
Some of the risks of promoted abortion are promoted primarily by anti-abortion groups, but lack scientific support. For example, the question of the relationship between induced abortion and breast cancer has been studied extensively. Major medical and scientific bodies (including the World Health Organization, National Cancer Institute, Cancer Society of America, Royal College of OBGYN and the American Congress of OBGYN) have concluded that abortion does not cause breast cancer.
In the past even illegality does not automatically mean that abortion is unsafe. Referring to the A.S., historian Linda Gordon states: "In fact, illegal abortions in this country have an impressive security record." According to Rickie Solinger,
A related myth, distributed by a wide spectrum of people concerned about abortion and public policy, is that before the legalization of abortion was a dirty and dangerous street whore... [T] its historical evidence does not support such a claim.
Authors Jerome Bates and Edward Zawadzki describe the case of an illegal abortion practitioner in the eastern US in the early 20th century who was proud to have successfully completed 13,844 abortions without death. In the 1870s New York City, the famous abortion/midwife Madame Restell (Anna Trow Lohman) seemed to have lost very few women among more than 100,000 patients - a lower mortality rate than the death rate at the time. In 1936, emeritus professor of obstetrics and gynecology Frederick J. Taussig wrote that the cause of the increasing number of deaths during the year of illegality in the US is that
With each decade of the past fifty years the actual and proportional frequencies of this accident [perforation of the uterus] have increased, for, first, to an increase in the number of abortions induced instrumental; secondly, for a proportional increase in abortions handled by physicians compared to those handled by midwives; and, thirdly, the prevailing tendency to use instruments instead of fingers in emptying the uterus.
Mental health
The current evidence found no association between the most triggered abortion and other mental health problems than expected for unwanted pregnancies. A report by the American Psychological Association concludes that women's first abortion is not a threat to mental health when done in the first trimester, with such women no more likely to have mental health problems than those who carry unwanted pregnancies for the long term; the mental health outcomes of a second or more female abortion are less certain. Some older reviews conclude that abortion is associated with an increased risk of psychological problems; However, they do not use the appropriate control group.
Although some studies show negative mental health outcomes in women who choose abortion after the first trimester due to fetal abnormalities, more rigorous research will be required to demonstrate this conclusively. Some suggest negative psychological effects of abortion have been referred by anti-abortion advocates as separate conditions called "post-abortion syndrome", but these are not recognized by medical or psychological professionals in the United States.
Unsafe abortion
Women who want to end their pregnancy sometimes use unsafe methods, especially when access to legal abortion is limited. They may try to cancel themselves or rely on others who do not have proper medical training or access to the right facilities. It has a tendency to cause severe complications, such as incomplete abortion, sepsis, bleeding, and damage to internal organs.
Unsafe abortion is the leading cause of injury and death among women worldwide. Although the data is not correct, it is estimated that about 20 million unsafe abortions are done every year, with 97% occurring in developing countries. Unsafe abortion is believed to cause millions of people injured. Estimates of the number of deaths vary according to the methodology, and range from 37,000 to 70,000 in the last decade; deaths from unsafe abortion accounts for about 13% of all maternal deaths. The World Health Organization believes that the death toll has declined since the 1990s. To reduce the number of unsafe abortions, public health organizations generally advocate emphasizing the legalization of abortion, training of medical personnel, and ensuring access to reproductive health services. In response, opponents of abortion point out that the ban on abortion in no way affects prenatal care for women who choose to take their fetuses for the long term. The Dublin Declaration on Maternal Health, signed in 2012, notes, "the prohibition of abortion does not affect, in any way, the optimal availability of care for pregnant women."
The main factor in whether abortion is done safely or not is the legal standing of abortion. Countries with restrictive abortion laws have higher rates of unsafe abortion and similar rates of overall abortion compared to where legal abortion is available. For example, the legalization of 1996 abortions in South Africa had a direct positive impact on the frequency of complications associated with abortion, with abortion-related deaths falling by more than 90%. A similar decline in maternal mortality has been observed after other countries have liberalized their abortion laws, such as Romania and Nepal. A 2011 study concluded that in the United States, some state-level anti-abortion laws correlate with lower rates of abortion in the state. However, the analysis does not take into account travel to other countries without such laws to get an abortion. In addition, lack of access to effective contraceptives contributes to unsafe abortion. It is estimated that the incidence of unsafe abortion can be reduced by 75% (from 20 million to 5 million per year) if modern family planning and maternal health services are available globally. These rates of abortion may be difficult to measure because they can be reported as diverse as miscarriages, "miscarriage caused," "menstrual rule," "small abortion", and "delayed regulation/delayed menstruation".
Forty percent of women in the world are able to access therapeutic and elective abortions within the limits of pregnancy, while an additional 35 percent have access to legal abortion if they meet certain physical, mental, or socioeconomic criteria. While maternal mortality is rarely the result of safe abortion, unsafe abortion results in 70,000 deaths and 5 million disabilities per year. Complications of unsafe abortion accounts for about one eighth of all maternal deaths worldwide, though these vary by region. Secondary infertility caused by unsafe abortion affects approximately 24 million women. The rate of unsafe abortion has increased from 44% to 49% between 1995 and 2008. Health education, access to family planning, and improvements in health care during and after abortion have been proposed to address this phenomenon.
Live birth
Although very rare, women who undergo an abortion after 18 weeks of pregnancy sometimes give birth to a fetus that can survive for a while. Long-term survival is possible after 22 weeks.
If medical staff observes signs of life, they may be asked to provide care: emergency medical care if the child has a good chance of survival and palliative care if not. The fetal mortality induced before termination of pregnancy after 20-21 weeks' gestation is recommended to avoid this.
Postnatal deaths due to abortion are given a code of description of the underlying cause of ICD-10 P96.4; data identified as the fetus or newborn. Between 1999 and 2013, in the US, the CDC recorded 531 such deaths for newborns, about 4 per 100,000 abortions.
Incident
There are two common methods used to measure the occurrence of abortion:
- Abortion rate - number of abortions per 1000 women between 15 and 44 years
- Percentage abortion - the number of abortions of 100 known pregnancies (pregnancy including live birth, abortion and miscarriage)
In many places, where abortion is illegal or carries a heavy social stigma, medical reporting of abortion is unreliable. For this reason, an estimate of the incidence of abortion should be done without determining certainty related to a standard error.
The number of abortions performed worldwide seems to have remained stable in recent years, with 41.6 million done in 2003 and 43.8 million done in 2008. The worldwide abortion rate is 28 per 1,000 women, although it is 24 per 1,000 women for developed countries and 29 per 1,000 women for developing countries. The same study in 2012 shows that in 2008, the estimated percentage of abortions from known pregnancies was 21% worldwide, with 26% in developed countries and 20% in developing countries.
On average, the incidence of abortion is similar in countries with restrictive abortion laws and those with more liberal access to abortion. However, the law of restrictive abortion is associated with an increase in the percentage of unsafe abortions. The rate of unsafe abortion in developing countries is partly due to the lack of access to modern contraception; according to the Guttmacher Institute, providing access to contraception will generate about 14.5 million fewer unsafe abortions and 38,000 fewer unsafe abortions deaths each year worldwide.
The degree of legal induced abortion varies widely across the world. According to the Guttmacher Institute employee report it ranges from 7 per 1000 women (Germany and Switzerland) to 30 per 1000 women (Estonia) in countries with full statistics in 2008. The proportion of pregnancies ending in induced abortions ranges from about 10% (Israel, Dutch and Swiss) to 30% (Estonia) in the same group, although perhaps as high as 36% in Hungary and Romania, whose statistics are considered incomplete.
The rate of abortion can also be expressed as the average number of abortions women have during their reproductive years; this is referred to as total abortion rate (TAR).
Age and method of pregnancy
The rate of abortion also varies depending on the stage of pregnancy and the method being practiced. In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that 26% of reported induced abortions reported in the United States were found to be less than 6 weeks gestation, 18% at 7 weeks, 15% at 8 weeks, 18% at 9 to 10 weeks, 9.7% at 11 to 12 weeks, 6.2% at 13 to 15 weeks, 4.1% at 16 to 20 weeks and 1.4% in over 21 weeks. 90.9% of these are classified as having been done by "curettage" (suction-aspiration, dilation and curettage, widening and evacuation), 7.7% with "medical" means (mifepristone), 0.4% by "intrauterine instillation" (saline or prostaglandin), and 1.0% by "other" (including hysterotomy and hysterectomy). According to the CDC, due to the difficulties of data collection, data should be seen as tentative and some fetal deaths reported beyond 20 weeks may be natural deaths that are misclassified as abortion if the removal of a dead fetus is carried out in the same procedure as an induced abortion.
The Guttmacher Institute estimates there are 2,200 widespread intake and extraction procedures in the US for 2000; this accounted for 0.17% of the total number of abortions performed that year. Similarly, in England and Wales in 2006, 89% discontinuation occurred at or below 12 weeks, 9% between 13 and 19 weeks, and 1.5% in or more than 20 weeks. 64% of those reported were with aspiration vacuum, 6% by D & amp; E, and 30% are medical. There are more second trimester abortions in developing countries such as China, India and Vietnam than in developed countries.
Motivation
Personal
The reason why women have abortions is diverse and varied around the world.
Some of the most common reasons are to delay childbearing to a more appropriate time or to focus energy and resources on existing children. Others include not being able to finance a child either in direct costs of raising children or losing income while caring for children, lack of support from fathers, inability to afford additional children, the desire to provide schools for existing children. , a person's education disorder, relationship problems with her partner, too young a perception to have children, unemployment, and unwilling to raise a child conceived by rape or incest, among others.
Societal
Some abortions are done as a result of public pressure. This may include preferences for children of certain sexes or races, single or early mother's disapproval, stigmatization of persons with disabilities, inadequate family support, lack of access or rejection of contraceptive methods, or attempts at population control (such as one policy Chinese children). These factors can sometimes lead to mandatory abortion or sex selective abortion.
An American study in 2002 concluded that about half of women had an abortion using a form of contraception during pregnancy. Inconsistent uses were reported by half of those using condoms and three-quarters of those taking birth control pills; 42% of those using condoms reported failure through slipping or cracking. The Guttmacher Institute estimates that "most abortions in the United States are obtained by minority women" because minority women "have undesirable rates of pregnancy".
Maternal and fetal health
An additional factor is the risk to maternal or fetal health, which is called the main reason for abortion in more than one-third of cases in some countries and as a significant factor only in the percentage of single-digit abortions in other countries.
In the US, the Supreme Court ruling at Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton : "decides that the state interest in fetal life becomes attractive only at the point of viability, defined as the point at which the fetus can survive independently of its mother.Even after the point of viability, the state can not support the life of the fetus during life or health pregnant women.Under the right of privacy, doctors should be free to use "their medical assessment for the preservation of life or maternal health." The same day that the Court ruled Roe, it also ruled Doe v. Bolton, where the Court defined a very broad health: "Medical assessments can be done in light of all factors - physical, emotional, psychological, family, and female age - relevant to the patient's wellbeing. All of these factors may be related to health. This allows the doctor who takes care of the room he needs to make his best medical judgment. "
The public opinion shifted in America after Sherri Finkbine's television personality discovery during her fifth month of pregnancy that she had been exposed to thalidomide. Unable to get a legal abortion in the United States, he traveled to Sweden. From 1962 to 1965, the German measles outbreak left 15,000 babies with severe birth defects. In 1967, the American Medical Association openly supported the liberalization of abortion laws. A National Research Center poll in 1965 showed 73% support abortion when maternal life is at risk, 57% when birth defects are present and 59% for pregnancies resulting from rape or incest.
Cancer
The cancer rate during pregnancy is 0.02-1%, and in many cases, maternal cancer causes consideration of abortion to protect the mother's life, or in response to potential damage that may occur to the fetus during treatment. This is especially true for cervical cancer, the most common type occurring in 1 out of every 2,000 to 13,000 pregnancies, where treatment initiation "can not coexist with preservation of fetal life (unless neoadjuvant chemotherapy is selected)". Early cervical cancer (I and IIa) can be treated with a radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection, radiation therapy, or both, while the next stage is treated with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy can be used simultaneously. Breast cancer treatment during pregnancy also involves consideration of the fetus, since lumpectomy is not recommended to support modified radical mastectomy unless long-term pregnancy allows advanced radiation therapy to be given after birth.
Exposure to single chemotherapy drugs is estimated to cause 7.5-17% risk of teratogenic effects on the fetus, with a higher risk for some drug treatments. Treatment with more than 40 Gy of radiation usually causes spontaneous abortion. Dose exposure is much lower during the first trimester, especially 8 to 15 weeks of development, may cause intellectual or microcephaly defects, and exposure at this or subsequent stage may lead to decreased intrauterine growth and birth weight. Exposures above 0.005-0.025 Gy cause dose-dependent decreases in IQ. It is possible to greatly reduce radiation exposure with a stomach shield, depending on how far the area to be irradiated comes from the fetus.
The birth process itself can also be dangerous to the mother. "Vaginal delivery can lead to dissemination of neoplastic cells to the lymphovascular canal, bleeding, cervical lacerations and implantation of malignant cells at the episiotomy site, while abdominal delivery may delay the initiation of non-surgical treatment."
History and religion
Since ancient times abortions have been done using herbal medicines, sharp tools, with strength, or through other traditional methods. Induced abortion has a long history, and can be traced back to diverse civilizations such as China under Shennong (around 2700 BC), Ancient Egypt with Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC), and the Roman Empire at the time of Juvenal (c 1550 BC). 200 CE). There is evidence to suggest that pregnancy is terminated through a number of methods, including abortifacient herbs, the use of sharp tools, the application of abdominal pressure, and other techniques. One of the earliest artistic representations of abortion is the bas reliefs in Angkor Wat (c 1150). Found in a series of friezes representing post-mortem assessments in Hindu and Buddhist cultures, it describes abortion abortion techniques.
Some medical experts and abortion advocates have suggested that the Hippocratic Oath prohibits Ancient Greek physicians from performing abortions; other scholars disagree with this interpretation, and state that medical texts from Hippocrates Corpus contain descriptions of failed techniques just beside the Oath. Doctor Scribonius Largus wrote to 43 CE that the Hippocratic Oath bans abortion, as did Soranus, though not all doctors seem to be strictly adhering to it at that time. According to the work of Soranus 1 or 2 century CE Gynecology , one of the medical practitioners discards all abortions as required by the Hippocratic Oath; the other - who belongs to him - is willing to give an abortion, but only for the health of the mother.
Aristotle, in his treatise on governance (350 BC), condemns infanticide as a means of population control. He prefers abortion in such cases, with the restriction "that it must be practiced upon it before it has developed sensation and life, because the boundary between lawful abortion and unlawfulness will be marked by the fact of having sensations and life". In Christianity, Pope Sixtus V (1585-90) was the only Pope before 1869 stating that abortion is murder regardless of stage of pregnancy; and his declaration of 1588 was reversed three years later by his successor. Through much of its history, the Catholic Church is divided into whether he believes that abortion is murder, and it did not begin vigorously against abortion until the nineteenth century. In fact, some historians have written that before the 19th century, most Catholic writers did not consider termination of pregnancy before "accelerating" or "trapping" as abortion.
A 1995 survey reported that Catholic women have the same possibilities as the general population to end pregnancy, Protestants tend not to, and Evangelical Christians are least likely to do so. Traditionally Islam has allowed abortion to a point in time when Muslims believe that the soul enters the fetus, which is considered by various theologians to be at conception, 40 days after conception, 120 days after conception, or acceleration. However, abortion is severely restricted or banned in areas with high Islamic beliefs such as the Middle East and North Africa.
In Europe and North America, abortion techniques began to advance in the 17th century. However, conservatism by most physicians related to sexual problems prevents the expansion of safe abortion techniques. Other medical practitioners in addition to several doctors advertise their services, and they were not widely regulated until the 19th century, when exercises (sometimes called restellism) were banned in the United States and Britain. Church groups and doctors are also very influential in the anti-abortion movement. In the US, according to some sources, abortion is more dangerous than childbirth until around 1930 when a gradual increase in abortion procedures relative to birth makes abortion safer. However, other sources argue that early abortion of the 19th century under hygienic conditions where midwives usually work is relatively safe. In addition, some commentators have noted that, despite improved medical procedures, the period from the 1930s to legalization also sees a more energetic anti-abortion law enforcement, and coincides with the increased control of abortion providers by organized crime.
Soviet Russia (1919), Iceland (1935) and Sweden (1938) were among the first countries to legalize some or all of the forms of abortion. In 1935 the Nazi Germany, a legislation enacted allows abortion for those who are considered "hereditarily ill", while women who are considered German stocks are specifically prohibited from having an abortion. Beginning in the second half of the twentieth century, abortion was legalized in a large number of countries.
Society and culture
Debate on abortion
The induced abortion has long been a source of considerable debate. Ethical, moral, philosophical, biological, religious and legal issues surrounding abortion related to the value system. Opinions about abortion may be about fetal rights, governmental authorities, and women's rights.
In public and private debates, proposed arguments support or challenge the focus of abortion access either on the moral permissibility of induced abortion, or legal justification that permits or limits abortion. The World Medical Association Declaration on Therapeutic Abortion notes, "the circumstances that bring a mother's interests in conflict with her unborn child's interests create a dilemma and ask the question of whether the pregnancy should be stopped intentionally." The debate over abortion, especially with regard to abortion laws, is often spearheaded by groups advocating one of these two positions. Anti-abortion groups who favor abortion law restrictions, including complete restrictions, most often describe themselves as "pro-life" while abortion rights groups who oppose such legal restrictions portray themselves as "pro-choice". Generally, the previous position holds that a human fetus is a human being with the right to life, making abortion morally the same as murder. The last position holds that a woman has certain reproductive rights, especially the right to decide whether or not to bring a pregnancy for the term.
The laws of modern abortion
The current laws relating to abortion vary widely. Religious, moral, and cultural factors continue to influence abortion laws around the world. The right to life, the right to liberty, the right to personal security, and the right to reproductive health are the main issues of human rights that are sometimes the basis for the existence or absence of abortion laws.
In jurisdictions where legal abortion, certain conditions must be met before a woman can obtain a safe legal abortion (abortion done without women's consent is considered a ficerre). This requirement usually depends on the age of the fetus, often using a trimester-based system to regulate the legality window, or as in the US, on a physician's evaluation of fetal viability. Some jurisdictions require waiting periods before the procedure, prescribing the distribution of information on fetal development, or requiring parents to be contacted if their little daughter requests an abortion. Other jurisdictions may require a woman to obtain consent from the fetal father before aborting the fetus, that the abortion provider informs women about the health risks of the procedure - sometimes including "risks" not supported by the medical literature - and that some medical authorities state that abortion medically or socially necessary. Many restrictions are ignored in emergency situations. China, which has ended their one-child policy, and now has two child policies. sometimes incorporated mandatory abortion as part of their population control strategy.
Other jurisdictions prohibit abortion almost entirely. Many, but not all, of these allow legal abortion under various circumstances. These circumstances vary based on jurisdiction, but may include whether pregnancy is the result of rape or incest, impaired fetal development, physical or mental health of the woman is threatened, or socioeconomic considerations make labor difficult. In countries where abortion is strictly prohibited, such as Nicaragua, medical authorities have recorded direct and indirect increases in maternal mortality from pregnancy and death due to doctors' fear of prosecution if they handle other gynecological emergencies. Some countries, such as Bangladesh, who reasonably forbid abortion, may also support clinics that perform abortions under the guise of menstrual hygiene. This is also a terminology in traditional medicine. In places where abortion is illegal or carrying severe social stigma, pregnant women may engage in medical tourism and travel to countries where they can terminate their pregnancies. Women without the means to travel may use an illegal abortion provider or attempt an abortion on their own.
The Women on Waves organization has been educating medical abortions since 1999. The NGOs are making mobile medical clinics inside shipping containers, which then travel by chartered vessels to countries with strict abortion laws. Since ships are registered in the Netherlands, Dutch law applies when ships are in international waters. While at the port, the organization provides free workshops and education; while in international waters, medical personnel are legally able to prescribe medicines and medical abortion counseling.
Sex abortion
Sonography and amniocentesis allow parents to determine sex before delivery. These technological developments have led to selective sex selective abortion, or termination of the fetus by sex. Selective termination of female fetuses is the most common.
Sex abortion is partly responsible for the striking difference between the birth rate of boys and girls in some countries. Preference for boys is reported in many parts of Asia, and abortions used to limit female births have been reported in Taiwan, South Korea, India, and China. This deviation from the standard birth rate of men and women occurs despite the fact that the country may formally prohibit selective abortion of sex or even sex screening. In China, the historical preference for a boy has been exacerbated by the one-child policy, enacted in 1979.
Many countries have taken legislative steps to reduce the incidence of sex selective abortion. At the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, more than 180 countries agreed to eliminate "all forms of discrimination against girls and the root causes of boys' preference", conditions were also condemned by the PACE resolution in 2011. The World Health Organization and UNICEF , along with other United Nations agencies, have found that measures to reduce access to abortion are less effective in reducing sex selective abortion than actions to reduce gender inequality.
Anti-abortion violence
In some cases, providers of abortion and facilities have experienced various forms of violence, including murder, attempted murder, kidnapping, stalking, assault, arson and bombing. Anti-abortion violence is classified by government and scientific sources as terrorism. Only a small proportion of those who oppose abortion commit violence.
In the United States, four physicians who have abortions have been killed: David Gunn (1993), John Britton (1994), Barnett Slepian (1998), and George Tiller (2009). Also killed, in the US and Australia, have become other personnel at abortion clinics, including receptionists and security guards such as James Barrett, Shannon Lowney, Lee Ann Nichols, and Robert Sanderson. Injuries (eg, Garson Romalis) and attempted murder also occurred in the United States and Canada. Hundreds of bombings, arson, acid attacks, invasions, and vandalism incidents against abortion providers have occurred. Notable anti-abortion actors include Eric Robert Rudolph, Scott Roeder, Shelley Shannon, and Paul Jennings Hill, the first executed in the United States for murdering an abortion provider.
Legal protection of abortion access has been brought to several countries where legal abortion. This law usually seeks to protect abortion clinics from obstruction, vandalism, precautions, and other measures, or to protect women and employees of such facilities from threats and harassment.
Much more common than physical violence is psychological pressure. In 2003, Chris Danze organized a pro-life organization throughout Texas to prevent the construction of a Planned Parenthood facility in Austin. The organizations released personal information online, from those involved in construction, sent them up to 1,200 calls a day and contacted their churches. Some protesters are recording women entering the clinic on camera.
Other animals
Spontaneous abortion occurs in a variety of animals. For example, the sheep may be caused by stress or physical activity, such as crowding in a door or being chased by a dog. In cows, abortion can be caused by infectious diseases, such as brucellosis or Campylobacter , but can often be controlled with vaccination. Eating pine needles can also induce abortion in cows. In horses, the fetus may be aborted or reabsorbed if it has a deadly white syndrome (congenital bowel aganglionosis). The homozygous Foal embryo for the dominant white gene (WW) is also theorized to be canceled or resorbed before birth. In many species of sharks and rays, stress-induced abortions are common in arrests.
Viral infections can cause abortion in dogs. Cats can experience spontaneous abortion for various reasons, including hormonal imbalances. Combined abortion and spaying are performed on pregnant cats, especially in the Trap-Neuter-Return program, to prevent unwanted kittens from being born. Female rodents can stop pregnancy when exposed to the smell of men who are not responsible for pregnancy, known as the Bruce effect.
Abortion can also be induced in animals, in the context of livestock. For example, abortion can be induced on a horse that has been wedded improperly, or has been purchased by an owner who is unaware that a mare is pregnant, or who is pregnant with twin foals. Feticides can occur in horses and zebras due to male harassment in pregnant mare or forced copulation, although frequencies in the wild have been questioned. Malignant male gray monkeys can attack women after a male takeover, causing a miscarriage.
Note
References
Bibliography
External links
- First trimester abortion in women with medical conditions. US Department of Health and Human Services
- Safe abortion: Technical & amp; policy guide for health systems, World Health Organization (2015)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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