In woodworking and construction, a nail is a pin-shaped metal object (or wood, called treenail or "trunnel") used as a binder, as a peg for hanging something, or sometimes as an ornament. Generally, the nail has a sharp point at one end and a flat head on the other, but a headless nail is available. Nails are made in various shapes for special purposes. The most common is the wire nail . Other nail types include pins , tacks , brads , nails , and cleats.
Nails are usually pushed to the workpiece by a hammer, pneumatic nail, or small or primary explosive charge. Nails hold the material together with friction in the axial direction and lateral shear forces. The nail point is also sometimes bent or wedged after driving to prevent withdrawal.
Video Nail (fastener)
History
The history of the nail is divided roughly into three distinct periods:
- Forging nails (forged) (pre-history until the 19th century)
- Cut nails (around 1800 to 1914)
- Wire nails (about 1860 to the present)
Wrought hands
The first spikes are made of wrought iron. Nails date back at least to Ancient Egypt - bronze nails found in Egypt dated 3400 BC. The Bible provides a number of references to the nails, including the story in Judge Yael's wife Heber, who rides a nail (or tent peg) into the temple of a sleeping commander of Canaan; the provision of iron for the nails by King David for what would be the Temple of Solomon; and in connection with the crucifixion of Christ.
The Romans used the nails extensively. The Roman army, for example, left seven tonnes of nails when it evacuated the Inchtuthil fortress in Perthshire in England in 86-87.
The term "penny", as it refers to a nail, may have come from medieval England to illustrate the price of a hundred spikes. The nails themselves are quite valuable and standard for use as an informal medium of exchange.
Until about 1800 craftsmen known as nailers or nailors make nails by hand - note the Naylor surname. (Workers call slit cut iron bars to be suitable sizes for nailers working.From the end of the 16th century, manual cavities disappear with the emergence of a grinding mill, which cuts iron bars into stems with even cross sections, saves lots of manual effort.)
At the time of the American Revolution, England was the largest nail manufacturer in the world. Spikes are expensive and difficult to obtain in American colonies, so abandoned homes are sometimes deliberately burned to allow the recovery of used nails from ash. It became a problem in Virginia that laws were made to stop people burning their homes when they moved. Families often have small nail arrangements in their homes; during bad weather and at night, the whole family might work to make nails for their own use and to barter. Thomas Jefferson writes in a letter: "In our personal activities it is a great advantage that any honest work is deemed honorable, I myself am a nail-maker." The growth of trade in American colonies was theoretically reinstated by the ban of new mill mills in America by the Iron Act of 1750, although there was no evidence that the Act was actually enforced.
The production of wrought iron spikes continued into the 19th century, but was eventually reduced to the spikes for the purpose of making softened cuts mismatched, including the horseshoe spikes.
Cut
The grinding mill, which was introduced to Britain in 1590, simplified the production of nail rods, but the first real effort to make the nail-making mechanism itself occurs between 1790 and 1820, initially in the United States and Britain, when engines were created to automate and accelerate the process making nails from wrought iron bars. These nails are known as cutting nails or square spikes due to their rectangular cross-section roughly. Cutting a nail is an important factor in the improvement of balloon framing which began in the 1830s and thus decreased wood framing with wooden connections. Although still used for historical renovation, and for heavy-duty applications, such as mounting boards to masonry walls, cutting nails is much less common today than wire nails.
The cut nail process was patented in America by Jacob Perkins in 1795 and in England by Joseph Dyer, who founded the machine in Birmingham. This process is designed to cut the nails from the sheets of iron, while ensuring that the iron fibers run down the nail. The Birmingham industry developed in the following decades, and reached its greatest level in the 1860s, after which it declined because of competition from the wire nails, but continued until the outbreak of World War I.
Wire
As the name implies, a wire nail is formed from a wire. Usually the wire roll is pulled through a series of dies to reach a certain diameter, then cut into short stems which are then formed into nails. The tip of the nail is usually cut by a knife; the head is formed by reshaping the other end of the rod under high pressure. The other dead are used to cut the grooves and ridges. Wire nails are also known as "French nails" for their home country. Belgian nail wire began to compete in England in 1863. Joseph Henry Nettlefold made wire nails at Smethwick in 1875. Over the next few decades, the process of making nails was almost completely automatic. Finally the industry has a machine capable of quickly generating large numbers of cheap nails with little or no human intervention.
With the introduction of cheap wire nails, the use of wrought iron for the manufacture of spikes is rapidly declining, due to slower production of cutting nails. In the United States, in 1892 more steel wire nails were produced than cut nails. In 1913, 90% of the spikes produced were wire nails. Nails change from rare and valuable to cheap mass commodities. Today almost all spikes are manufactured from wire, but the term "nail wire" has been referred to smaller spikes, often available in a wider and more precise gauge range than typical for common nails and larger spikes.
Maps Nail (fastener)
Materials
Previously made of bronze or wrought iron, today's nails are usually made of steel, often dyed or coated to prevent corrosion in harsh conditions or to improve adhesion. Usual nails for wood are usually made of soft steel, low carbon or "light" (about 0.1% carbon, iron residue and possibly silicon or manganese footprint). The spikes for concrete are harder, with 0.5-0.75% carbon.
Usage
Most countries, except the United States, use a metric system to explain the size of the nail. A 50 ÃÆ'â € "3.0 shows 50 mm long nails (excluding head) and 3 mm in diameter. The length is rounded to the nearest millimeter.
For example, nail finishing * sizes normally available from German suppliers are:
- Drahtstift mit Senkkopf (Stahl, DIN 1151)
US cents sizes
In the United States, the length of the spike is determined by the size of the money.
Terminology
- Box - wire nails with heads; box nails have a smaller shank than ordinary nails of the same size
- Light - no surface layers; not recommended for exposure to weather or acid or treated wood
- Casing - wire nail with head slightly larger than nail finished ; often used for floor
- CC or Coated - "coated with cement"; spikes coated with adhesive (cement) for larger carrying capacity; also resin or vinyl lined; the melt layer of friction when pushed to help lubricate then adhere when it is cold; colors vary by manufacturer (brown, pink, common)
- General - Common construction wire nails with disc-shaped heads that are usually 3 to 4 times the diameter of the calf: common nails have larger calves than boxes nails of the same size
- Cut - machine-generated square spikes. Now used for stone reproduction and history or restoration
- Duplex - a regular nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction; often used for temporary work, such as concrete or wood scaffolding; sometimes called "scaffold nails"
- Drywall - a special blued steel nail with a wide wide head used to tie a gypsum wallboard to a wooden frame member
- Finished - a wire nail with a head slightly larger than the calf; can be easily hidden by countersinking a little nail beneath the finished surface with a nail-set and filling the resulting void with filler (putty, spackle, doze, etc.)
- Forged - handmade nails (usually square), forged hot by blacksmith or chisel, often used in historical reproductions or restorations, usually sold as collector's goods
- Galvanic - treated for corrosion resistance and/or weather exposure
- Electrogalvanized - delivers a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance
- Hot-dip galvanized - provides a rough finish that shocks more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance suitable for some acidic and treated woods;
- Galvanized Mechanical - Store more zinc than electrogalvanizing to improve corrosion resistance
- Head - round flat metal pieces formed at the top of the nail; to increase endurance
- Helix - nails have a twisted square shank, making it very difficult to pull out; often used in decking so it is usually galvanized; sometimes called a decking nail
- Length - the distance from the bottom of the head to the nail point
- Phosphate coated - dark to black color produces binding surfaces with both paint and combined compounds and minimal corrosion resistance
- Dots - sharp edges opposite "head" to make driving easier
- Pile warehouse - long calf ( 2 1 / 2 in 8 inches, 6 cm to 20 cm, calf rings (see below), hardened nails, usually oil quenched or galvanized (see above), commonly used in framed timber construction, metal building (pole barn)
- Ring shank - a small directional ring on the calf to prevent the nail from working again after being pushed in; common in drywall, flooring, and barn pole
- Shank - long body spikes between head and dot; may be smooth, or may have a ring or spiral for greater durability
- Sinker - this is the most commonly used nail in today's framing; the same thin diameter as the box nail; coated with cement (see above); the bottom of the head tapered like a wedge or a funnel and the top of the head is a lattice arising so that the hammer pedal does not slide downwards
- Spike - big spikes; usually more than 4 in (100 mm) long
- Spiral - crooked wire nails; spiral nails have a smaller shank than common nails of the same size
In art
Nails have been used in art, such as Nail Men - a common fundraising form in Germany and Austria during World War I.
Before the 1850s bocce and pÃÆ'Ã… © tanque boules were wooden balls, sometimes reinforced with handmade spikes. When machine-made nails are cheap and widely available, manufacturers are starting to produce boules cloutà © e - wooden cores sprinkled with nails to create all-metal surfaces. Metal spikes and different colors (steel, brass, and copper) are used to create various designs and patterns. Some of the old boules cloutÃÆ'  © es are original artwork and valuable collector objects.
Once the nails become cheap and widely available, they are often used in folk art and outside art as a method of decorating the surface with metal studs. Another common artistic use is the construction of sculptures of welded or stenched spikes.
See also
- Denailer (tool that removes used spikes)
- Nails (1979 film)
- Train spikes
- Screws
- Truss connector plate
References
External links
- UK DIY site - description of different types of nails
- US DIY Site - different nail description
- Nail fake movies
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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