Fetal bovine serum ( FBS ) comes from blood taken from a bovin fetus through a closed collection system at a slaughterhouse. Fetal bovine serum is the most widely used serum supplement for cell culture in vitro eukaryotic cells. This is because it has very low levels of antibodies and contains more growth factors, allowing flexibility in various cell culture applications.
Globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), is a major component of cow fetal serum. The rich protein richness in fetal bovine serum retains cultured cells in a medium where they can survive, grow, and divide.
FBS is not a fully defined media component, and thus may vary in composition between batches. As a result, free serum and chemically determined media (CDM) have been developed as good laboratory practice.
Video Fetal bovine serum
Production
Fetal bovine serum is a by-product of the Milk Industry. Fetal bovine serum, like most animal serums used in cell culture, is produced from blood collected in commercial slaughterhouses from dairy cows that also supply meat intended for human consumption.
The first stage of the production process for bovine fetal serum is the removal of blood from the fetal cow after the fetus is removed from the slaughtered cow. Blood is collected aseptically into a sterile container or blood bag and then allowed to clot. The normal collection method is the heart puncture, where the needle is inserted into the heart. It minimizes "the danger of serum contamination with micro-organisms of the fetus itself, and the environment". Then centrifuged to remove the clot of fibrin and remaining blood cells from the clear yellow (straw) serum. The serum is frozen before further processing is required to be suitable for cell culture.
The second stage of processing involves screening, typically using a filtration chain with the final filtration being a 0.1 micrometre sterile membrane filter. When processed by a reputable commercial serum supplier, sterilized fetal bovine serum is subject to strict quality control testing and is provided with a detailed Certificate of Analysis. The certificate provides test results and complete information on the origin of the serum. Certificates of Analysis vary between commercial suppliers, but each usually includes the following details: filtering statements, home country, cell growth performance testing, microbial sterility testing, screening for mycoplasma and viruses, endotoxins, hemoglobin, IgG and total protein testing.
Maps Fetal bovine serum
Ethics
Ethical questions have been raised about the process of collecting blood because of the potential for suffering caused by the fetus. Although anoxia or active slaughter can be used to induce unconsciousness or death before serum crop, the exposure of unborn live babies to oxygen may cause them to gain consciousness before being killed, resulting in an active debate about the ethics of taking sera.
Serum uses
Fetal bovine serum is commercially available from many manufacturers, and since in vitro-growing cells are highly sensitive, customers typically test specific groups to check for suitability for their particular cell type. When changing from batch to batch it is usually to adjust the cells to a new batch of material, for example, by mixing 50% of the old serum with 50% of the new serum and allowing the cells to adapt to the new material.
The serum is kept frozen to maintain component stability as a growth factor. When the serum is melted, some precipitation can be seen. This is a normal phenomenon and does not decrease the serum quality in any way. The precipitate can be removed by transferring the serum to a sterile tube and centrifuging for 5 minutes at 400 ÃÆ'â € g .
To limit the amount of precipitation, it is recommended that the serum be melted in the refrigerator at 2-8? C. Serum should be mixed regularly during this process. Recurrent freezing/liquefaction cycles should be avoided and it is recommended to remove the serum into a single-use aliquot before freezing.
Technical issues
FBS contains the complex arrangement of protein components required by many cells to grow which is why it has been successfully used in cell cultures. Unfortunately, a large number of undefined proteins can cause unwanted cell stimulation. This is why 'serum hunger' is commonly used in experiments where subtle changes in cytokine expression need to be measured. This is where FBS can be used to retain cells but before the experiment, the serum is removed on the part of the cell to normalize the expression of cytokines. Another possible approach is to use disarmed charcoal FBS that does not seem to be a stimulation of cells in culture, while at the same time, supporting the growth of healthy cell layers.
Resource history
The serum produced for use in the biotechnology industry and research sector is highly regulated. The collection and movement of all animal derivative products globally is strictly controlled. Animal control of animal derived products largely follows the rules set by the EU (DG SANCO) and US (USDA). The current regulations governing the import of animal by-products into the EU are covered by Regulation (EU) 1069/2009 and the implementation document of Regulation (EU) 142/2011.
FBS is a product collected worldwide with major collections centered in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Central America, South America and Europe.
Global sales
FBS sales in 2008 are estimated to reach 700,000 liters globally.
FBS collectors, manufacturers, and end users globally are members of ISIA, International Serum Industry Association. Member companies are listed on the ISIA website. Complete contact details are available through this portal and ISIA can answer any questions regarding the collection and use of these important resources.
The International Serum Industry Association was established in June 2006 to set up its own previously nonstandard industry. The ISIA Mission Statement states: "The ISIA shall establish, promote, and ensure compliance with non-compromised standards of excellence and ethics in the global business practice of animal sera and animal products derived products Our primary focus is on the safety and safe use of serum and animal derivative products through proper origin tracking, correctness in labeling and standardization and proper supervision. "
See also
- Human platelet lysate (HPL) as an alternative to FBS
References
External links
- Introduction to the Bovine Bovine Fetal Class
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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