The 2002 Bali Bombing occurred on October 12, 2002 in Kuta's tourist district on the Indonesian island of Bali. The attack killed 202 people (including 88 Australians, 38 Indonesians, and more than 20 other nationalities). More than 209 people were injured.
Various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, a violent Islamist group, were convicted in connection with the bombing, including three men sentenced to death. The attack involved the explosion of three bombs: a device driven by a backpack carried by a suicide bomber; large car bombs, both of which were blown up in or near the popular nightclubs in Kuta; and a third of the much smaller devices that blown up outside the US consulate in Denpasar, caused little damage. An audio cassette allegedly carrying a recorded voice message from Osama bin Laden stated that the Bali bombing was a direct retaliation to support the United States War on Terror and Australia's role in the liberation of East Timor.
On November 8, 2008, Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Huda bin Abdul Haq were executed by firing squad at the Nusakambangan island prison at 00:15 local time (17:15 UTC).
On March 9, 2010, Dulmatin, dubbed "The Genius" - is believed to be responsible for blowing up one of Bali's bombs with a cell phone - was killed in a shoot-out with Indonesian police in Jakarta.
Video 2002 Bali bombings
Attack
At 23:05 Central Indonesia Time on October 12, 2002, a suicide bomber inside a Paddy's Pub nightclub (sometimes called a Paddy's Irish Bar) exploded a bomb in his bag , causing many visitors, with or without injury, to immediately escape to the street. Twenty seconds later, the second and much more powerful car bomb hidden in a white Mitsubishi van was blown up by another suicide bomber outside Sari Club, the well-known rooftop bar in the air across from < i> Paddy's Pub .
The bombing occurred in one of the busiest tourist periods of the year on Kuta Beach, partly driven by many Australian sports teams that make their year-end holiday season endless.
The damage in the densely populated residential and commercial districts is huge, destroying neighboring buildings and destroying windows several blocks away. The car bomb explosion left a deep crater meter.
The local Sanglah hospital is not equipped to handle the scale of the disaster and is overwhelmed by the number of injured victims, especially burn victims. There were so many people injured by the explosion that some injured people had to be placed in the hotel pool near the site of the blast to ease the pain of their burns. Many injured were forced to fly extreme distance to Darwin (1,800 km or 1,100 mi) and Perth (2,600 km or 1,600 mi) for treatment of burn specialists.
A relatively small bomb was detonated outside the US consulate in Denpasar, which allegedly exploded shortly before two Kuta bombs, causing minor injuries to one person and minimal property damage. Reportedly packed with human waste.
A report released in August 2005 by the United States-Indonesian Society (USINDO) describes the following events:
Researchers can thus re-create bombing activities. Amrozi, Idris and Ali Imron have just entered a dealer and bought a new Yamaha motorcycle, after asking how much they can sell it back if they return it within a few days. Imron uses a motorcycle to plant small bombs outside the US Consulate. Idris then rides a motorcycle while Imron drove two suicide bombers in Mitsubishi to the nightclub district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructing a suicide bomber to wear an explosive vest and the other to arm a vehicle bomb. First bomber to Paddy's Pub. Idris then left the second bomber, who only learned to drive in a straight line, to drive a short-range minivan to the Sari Club. Idris took Imron on Yamaha and the duo returned to Denpasar. Idris contacted Nokia's number to detonate a bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers blew up their device. Imron and Idris dropped a motorcycle in the place that finally attracted the attention of the caretaker.
The final death toll is 202, mainly comprised of Western tourists and holiday makers in their 20s and 30s who are at or near Paddy's Pub or Sari Club, but also include many Balinese Indonesians working or living nearby, or simply through. Hundreds more people suffered terrible burns and other injuries. The largest group among those killed were tourists from Australia with 88 casualties. On October 14, the UN Security Council issued Resolution 1438 condemning the attack as a threat to international peace and security.
Awards
There are many individual acts of heroism.
Kusitino 'Kossy' Halemai, an Australian citizen of Wallis and Futuna who manages the Bounty Hotel in Kuta during the attack, protects the survivors immediately after the explosion. He was elected to praise for the award of Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) on June 13, 2005.
Richard's husband and wife and Gilana Poore, who organized a temporary triage area at the Bounty Hotel reception area, were both honored with OAM.
James Parkinson, an emergency nurse, worked with Doctor Hogg of Wollongong at Sanglah Hospital in Denpasar to run a trauma center for victims of the bombing. After he disappeared in Africa and Europe for three years, the Governor-General's department finally traced him and gave Parkinson's Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005.
Senior Constable Timothy Britten and Richard Joyes from Western Australia were both awarded the Cross of Valor for their actions during the day. Cross Valor is the highest civilian honor and is equivalent to Victoria Cross for Australia which is the highest military honor.
The bomb is
The Mitsubishi L300 van was initially thought to consist of C4, a military-grade plastic explosion that was difficult to obtain. However, researchers found the bomb was made of potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, and sulfur. For Club Sari bombs with van L300, the terrorists collect 12 plastic filing cabinets filled with explosives. Cabinets, each containing potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, sulfur mixture with a TNT booster, are connected by 150 meters (490 ft) of PETN-filled detonation cable. Ninety-four RDX electric detonators are fitted to TNT. The total weight of the van bomb is 2,250 pounds (1,020 kg). Large blast damage, high temperatures generated by this mixture are similar to thermobaric explosions, although bombers may not know this.
Maps 2002 Bali bombings
Suspect
The organization that is suspected of being responsible for the bombing is Jemaah Islamiyah, an Islamist group allegedly led by radical cleric Abu Bakar Bashir. A week after the explosion, Arab satellite channel Al-Jazeera aired an audio cassette allegedly carrying a voicemail record from Osama Bin Laden saying that the Bali bombing was a retaliation for the support of the war on terror against the United States and the role of Australia. in the liberation of East Timor.
"You will be killed just as you kill, and will be bombed just like you bomb", "Hoping more will make you sadder."
The tape did not claim responsibility for the Bali attack. However, former FBI agent Ali Soufan asserted that al-Qaeda did fund the attack. In addition, Hambali admitted that al-Qaeda had sent him $ 30,000 to finance the bombing of the two nightclubs.
Indonesian police chief General Da'i Bachtiar said the bombing was "the worst terror act in Indonesian history".
Aris Munandar (aka Sheik Aris) is a Jemaah Islamiyah partner associated with Bashir. He is believed to have assisted the Bali bomber Amrozi in obtaining some of the explosives used in the Bali bombing. Philippine intelligence considers Munandar to be linked to Mohammad Abdullah Sughayer, a Saudi national Abu Sayyaf group in the southern Philippines. Munandar is still at large. A report by the United States-Indonesia Society describes the arrest of Amrozi and other suspects.
General Pastika ordered his men to arrest in the early hours of the following morning, November. Amrozi fell asleep behind the house. According to Greg Barton's account, Amrozi did not try to run away, but instead laughed, then exclaimed, ''
Indonesian authorities also believe more suspects remain wandering. In 2005, Indonesian police arrested 24 additional people suspected of involvement in the Bali attack and the 2003 bombing at the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta.
On October 12, 2005, a story in the documentary series SBS Australia Dateline , called "Indonesian War Against Terrorism", stated that the Indonesian military or police might have been involved in the attack.
On June 13, 2007, it was reported that Abu Dujana, who may have headed a terrorist cell in Bali, was arrested.
Just after midnight on November 9, 2008, the three convicted bombers (Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim, and Ali Ghufron) were executed by firing squad.
Umar Patek was finally arrested in Abbottabad Pakistan in early 2011. The US government has offered a US $ 1 million reward for his arrest. Patek is a suspect in other bombings as well as in Bali.
Legal process
Cost and initial test
In April 2003, Indonesian authorities accused Abu Bakar Bashir (also gave "Ba'asyir"), the spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah, with treason. It is alleged that he tried to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state. The specific allegations against Bashir are linked to a series of church bombings on Christmas Eve 2000, and plans to bomb the United States and other Western interests in Singapore. He was initially not charged for the Bali attack, although he was often accused of being the instigator or inspirator of the attack. On September 2, Bashir was released from treason but was convicted of lower charges and sentenced to four years in prison. He said he would appeal. On October 15, 2004, he was arrested by the Indonesian authorities and accused of involvement in another bomb attack, which killed 14 people at the JW Marriott hotel in Jakarta on 5 August 2003. The secondary allegations in this indictment allege he was involved in the Bali bombing. , the first time he faces charges in connection with this attack. On March 3, 2005, Bashir was found not guilty of charges surrounding the 2003 bombing, but was guilty of a conspiracy against the 2002 attack on Bali. He was sentenced to two and a half years in prison. The Australian, US, and many governments have expressed disappointment that the sentence is too short; in the result, Bashir was released on June 14, 2006 after serving less than 26 months for conspiracy, and on December 21, 2006, Bashir's conviction was overturned by the Indonesian Supreme Court.
On April 30, 2003, the first indictment related to the Bali bomb was made against Amrozi bin Haji Nurhasyim, known as Amrozi, for allegedly buying explosives and vans used in the bombings. On August 8, he was found guilty and sentenced to death. Another participant in the bombing, Imam Samudra, was sentenced to death on September 10. Amrozi's brother Ali Imron, who has expressed regret for his involvement in the bombing, was sentenced to life imprisonment on Sept. 18. The fourth defendant, Ali Ghufron, brother-in-law Noor Din Mohammed Top was sentenced to death on 1 October.
Ali Ghufron, alias Mukhlas, told police he was the head of one of the four Jemaah Islamiyah cells and had ordered the Bali bombing. He also admitted that a fellow leader of Riduan Isamuddin, known as Hambali, had provided funds for the attack. He told the police, I do not know the exact source of money from Hambali; most likely it came from Afghanistan, that is from Sheikh Usama bin Laden. As far as I know, Hambali has no source of funds except from Afghanistan. Another operative, Wan Min bin Wan Mat, revealed to police that he had given Mukhlas money, at Hambali's request and that he understood some of the money came directly from al-Qaeda.
As noted below, the three were executed on November 9, 2008. The Australian, US, and many other foreign governments expressed satisfaction with the speed and efficiency at which police and Indonesian courts dealt with the main suspect of the bombing, despite what they characterized as the sentence light. All Australian jurisdictions abolished the death penalty more than 30 years ago, but polls show that 55% of Australians approve the death penalty in the Bali case. The Australian government says it will not ask Indonesia not to use the death penalty.
On August 15, Riduan Isamuddin, commonly known as Hambali, was described as the operational head of Jemaah Islamiyah operations captured in Ayutthaya, Thailand, the old capital an hour's drive north of Bangkok. He is in US custody at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and has not been charged in connection with the Bali bombings or other crimes.
Constitutional appeal
On July 23, 2004, one of the bombers, Maskur Abdul Kadir, successfully appealed his conviction. He has been tried under retroactive laws introduced after the bombings and which are used to assist the prosecution of those involved in the attack. This law is used by the claimant, not the existing criminal law because they allow the death penalty to be imposed and reduced by certain proof.
The highest court in Indonesia, the Constitutional Court, found with a margin of five to four that attempted terrorist suspects under this retroactive law violates Article 28I (1) of the Constitution [2]. Minority judges argue that international human rights documents such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights allow for the exclusion of not applying retrospective laws in prosecution of crimes against humanity. The majority find that this argument is inconsistent with the text of Article 28I (1) which states that the rights listed there "can not be restricted under any circumstances."
Following this decision, allegations related to the bombing of Idris, who claimed to have participated in police and court raids, were dismissed. Kadir's legal status, Idris and others who may have their beliefs canceled after the decision on retrospective law is unclear.
The Constitutional Court is a relatively new body, formed after the fall of Suharto, and this decision is one of the first to override the constitutionality of the application of law by the government.
Execution of the perpetrator
On October 24, 2008, Bali officials announced that three people convicted of bombing would be executed by firing squad in November 2008. On October 25, 2008, the Ministry of Communication and Information asked the Indonesian media to stop calling three "heroes".
The Denpasar District Court, on November 3, received a reprieve action to reconsider the death penalty. Fahmi Bachmid, a lawyer for the Jafar Sodiq family, Amrozi's brother and Mukhlas, stated: "We filed a judicial review to Denpasar court to question the (previous) decision." Imam's lawyer Asmara Hadi stated: "We have filed an appeal because we have not received a copy of the Supreme Court ruling from our previous appeal."
Indonesia's Supreme Court has denied the previous petition for a review in the midst of the dismissal of the constitutional court over bombing calls. Denpasar court official Nengah Sanjaya said the 3-page appeal would be sent to Cilacap court in Central Java. But the Attorney General's office said on November 1 the execution was "very close." Supreme Court Justice Djoko Sarwoko, however, said "the last-minute legal challenge by Imam Samudra's relatives, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Ali Ghufron will not alter or delay the execution." They were transferred to isolation cells, and the execution site was ready at the Nusakambangan island jail where they were detained. Local attorney chief Muhammad Yamin said they would be "executed simultaneously" but in different locations.
Imam Samudra, Amrozi Nurhasyim and Ali Ghufron were executed by firing squad after midnight on 9 November 2008 (West Indonesia time). At the last moment, there is no remorse or repentance, and they shout: Allahu Akbar, or "God is great!" For burial, Mukhlas and Amrozi's bodies were flown by helicopter to Tenggulan, Lamongan, East Java, while Imam Samudra's body was flown to Serang, Banten, in the middle of a "welcoming martyr" banner on display at the cemetery.
The execution caused high tensions and triggered clashes in Tenggulan between hundreds of police and supporters. Indonesian singer and TV presenter, Dorce Gamalama attends Imam Samudra's funeral. After praying with the crowd, he spent half an hour at the man who was executed and talked to his mother. On leaving he was quoted as saying, "I'm sure he went to heaven". Maaruf Amin, deputy chairman of the Indonesian Ulema Council, the head of Islamic scholars in Indonesia, said people: "They are not dead, it can only be in war and Indonesia is not at war."
Bali
A permanent memorial was built at the ruined Paddy's Pub site on Jalan Legian. (A new bar, named "Paddy's: Reloaded", reopened along Jalan Legian). The memorial was made of intricately carved stone, laid out with large marble plaques, bearing the names and nationalities of each of those killed. It is flanked by the national flag of the victims. The monument is well preserved and illuminated at night.
The warning was dedicated on October 12, 2004, the second warning of the attack. Dedication includes Bali Hindu ceremonies and opportunities for mourners to lay flowers and other offerings. Australian Ambassadors and Indonesian officials attended the ceremony.
The Balinese marked their commitment to the nine-day event. After a major cleansing ceremony, building a memorial for the lost life, and honoring those who were left behind, the Kuta people hoped to restore Bali's image through an event called "Kuta KarnivalÃ, - A Celebration of Life". Community events consist of traditional art performances such as the Sunset Sunset Show in Bali, beach sports, and water for young and old children plus a row of culinary lines one kilometer from the sandy beach.
In line with the return of tourism to Kuta, Kuta Karnival has evolved into a tourism promotion event with great coverage from television and newspapers from around the world. Companies, embassies, non-governmental organizations, associations and even individuals come to engage in various events such as Balinese dance competitions presented by surf-wear companies, environmental fairs presented by embassies, fun cycles presented by individual groups, seminars presented by associations and street parades presented by NGOs. Tourists and locals, more than ninety thousand people participated in various events, year after year.
The recurrent tragedy in Bali in 2005 did not diminish the Kuta community's determination to carry out this annual event. Kuta Karnival is done to commemorate and salute the victims of human violence and show the world the true spirit of the survival of the local community despite the terrorist attacks.
On October 12, 2010, Australians and Indonesians who survived the 2002 bombings attended a serious memorial service to mark the eighth anniversary of the devastating attacks.
Melbourne
Bali Memorial
In Lincoln Square on Swanston Street's west side, Melbourne, is a memorial that represents 88 Australians killed in the bombing, and especially 22 from Victoria.
There are 88 jets in the fountain; at night there are lights that represent all the people who died. The fountain closes and becomes a reflection pool on October 12 every year.
This is one of the few fountains allowed to operate during the dry season of 2007.
Jason McCartney
One survivor of the Melburnian bombing is Jason McCartney, who plays for Australian Football League (AFL) North Melbourne Kangaroos. He suffered second-degree burns of up to 50% of his body while helping to bring others to safety and near death during surgery after being transported back to Melbourne.
On June 6, 2003, after a lengthy rehabilitation process, McCartney managed to return to action for Kangaroos in the 11th Round (Queen's Anniversary) game against the Richmond Tigers in front of 43,200 at the Docklands Stadium (Telstra Dome), and the match serves as another warning to those lost during the bombing. McCartney, who was heavily bandaged and wearing protective gloves, dressed in numbers "88" and "202" on the front of his long-sleeved guernsey, signaled Australian and total casualties, while many people in the crowd held signs saying "Bali 88/202". Other Australian victims were honored in the video shown on the stadium's video screen before the game, and representatives of five Australian rule football clubs who lost players in the attack were presented to the crowd. Retired Melbourne Demons player Steven Febey and young Steven Armstrong Demon, who suffered shrapnel wounds in the blast, also attended the match.
Usually a defender, McCartney appeared as a substitute in front of full of vigor, and at the start of the fourth quarter, he took a single sign and kicked one goal from the resulting shot to put Kangaroos up front with nine. With two minutes remaining and the Tigers have regained the lead with three points, he also collected a bounce bait in front of the 50 and kicked the ball into Leigh Harding, who finished the goal from close range to put Kangaroos in front again to survive. North Melbourne was finally won by 13.14 (92) to Richmond's 13.11 (89).
McCartney announced his resignation from the AFL during his emotional post-match interview on the pitch, arguing that his return path had left him and he preferred to go in a high tone. To this day, it is considered one of the most inspiring stories about sport in Australia, with Fox Footy AFL: The Greatest ranking it as # 7 on the largest AFL news list of all-time.
McCartney's image, which was chaired after the match, was captured in Jamie Cooper's The Game That Made Australia, commissioned by the AFL in 2008 to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Australian rules of football.
Employed by the West Bulldog as their list manager, McCartney went on to win the AFL Premier League which had avoided him as a player during the surprise season of 'The Bulldogs' (McCartney had been suspended for the 2000 Grand Final, which North Melbourne had won against Carlton Blues.) this is the list manager for the Greater Western Sydney Giants and a successful motivational speaker. He also published an autobiography, After Bali, recounting his ordeal after the bombing and his return to the AFL, and also married Melissa Vanderheyden, whom he met before the bombing, just 63 days after the attacks. The McCartney medal was also awarded to the bravest players during the contest between Kangaroos and Collingwood Magpies, McCartney's original team.
Perth
A memorial that lists the victims of the bombing of Western Australia opened on its first anniversary, and is located on the back of Mount Eliza in Kings Park, overlooking the city. The memorial is specifically designed to frame the sunlight at dawn on October 12 each year and facing the right direction from Bali.
Gold Coast
The Indonesian-style stone monument is located at Allambe Memorial Park at Nerang. A bronze plaque contains a list of the names of 88 Australians killed in the bombing. The annual dusk service is held on the anniversary of every Bali bombing commemoration.
Sydney
On the north side of Coogee Beach, a memorial to Bali bomb victims consists of three interlocking bronze forms that have an abstract similarity with three mutually bending figures that support each other. There are also several memorials to remember the dead.
A memorial to the seven Sutherland Shire residents who were victims were in Cronulla. Called The Seed , this work is based on the seeds and foliage of Banksia robur , natives of the original Shire. This pink sandstone statue is at the center of the memorial. Set in a black granite pool located at 'Peryman Place' not far from North Cronulla Beach, frequented by many of the seven victims and their families. Two placards arranged into granite around the pond. The plaque carries the photograph, name, and age of the victim; as well as the details of the event, the design symbolism, the dedication, and the poem written by the victim's family. This work was done by sculptors Chris Bennetts and Ishi Buki Sandstone Sculpture.
In South Sydney, in the town of Ulladulla, a large youth center is being built as a warning to Craig Dunn and Danny Lewis, two local victims of the bombing. Money is being raised through Dunn & amp; Lewis Youth Development Foundation.
Canberra
A granite cube serves as a memorial at the Eastern House Parliamentary Garden.
London
On the fourth anniversary of the bombing of Prince Charles and Camilla, the Duchess of Cornwall launched a memorial in London, at the rear of the Office of Foreign and Commonwealth Office, overlooking St. Lawrence Park. James. The memorial consists of a 1.5-meter globe, to show that people from 21 countries are killed, and have 202 pigeons carved in it. The names of all 202 victims are on a curved stone wall behind the world. This is the work of artist Gary Breeze and sculptor Martin Cook.
Hong Kong
In 2005, two marble wall plaques were unveiled at Hong Kong Football Club to commemorate club members who were killed in the bombing.
Vietnamese
The memorial park was built at Ho Chi Minh City International School commemorating teachers from schools who were killed in bombings.
In media
In 2006, Long Road to Heaven , an Indonesian film about the bombing, was released by Kalyana Shira Films. The film was directed by Enison Sinaro and written by Wong Wai Leng and Andy Metam-Tan. Starring Raelee Hill, Mirrah Foulkes, Alex Komang, Surya Saputra, John O 'Hare, Sarah Treleaven, and Joshua Pandelaki.
It tells the story for three different times: planning a few months before the bombing, its implementation in 2002, and trials in 2003 from the point of view of both the victim and the bomber. The story is not linearly chronologically, starting with an explosion and then moving over time so that the three plots peak one by one. At the beginning of each scene, the subtitle tells the date and location of the scene.
A 130-page comic book about the first Bali bombings has been launched to promote peace and prevent radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia. The book entitled When Conscience Speaks (When Conscience Speaks), tells of bombing from a three-person perspective: a volunteer who helps evacuate a bomb victim who lost her husband in the blast; victims who struggle to raise their children without her husband; and a terrorist who deplores his involvement in the bombing.
Boom Boom Bali , a 2004 rnographic film, contains amateur footage recorded at Paddy's Bar and Sari Club before and after the bombing, in which several players died. The movie's tagline is "The police can not catch us, the terrorists do not even catch us."
See also
- List of terrorist incidents
- Terrorism in Australia
- 2004 bombing of the Australian embassy
- 2005 Bali Bombing
- National Geographic episode Seconds Of Disasters
- Australian Bali Memorial Eye Center
- Traumascapes
References
External links
- Remember Bali: warning website
- Australian Broadcasting Corp. Online, current program Four Corners : "The Bali Confessions" (February 10, 2003)
- Bali's dialogue message - including Bali Declaration on Building Interreligious Harmony July 2005
- Moruning in Bali: Bali Injured
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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