Agriculture is one of the main sectors in the Indonesian economy. While the contribution of this sector to its national gross domestic product has declined significantly in the last 50 years, it is now a revenue generator for the majority of Indonesian households. In 2013, the agricultural sector accounted for 14.43% of national GDP, slightly down from its 2003 contribution of 15.19%. In 2012, the agricultural sector provides employment for some 49 million Indonesians, representing 41% of the country's total workforce.
Currently, about 30% of Indonesia's land area is used for agriculture. The Indonesian agricultural sector is overseen and regulated by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture.
The agricultural sector in Indonesia consists of:
- Large plantations, whether owned by a state or private company;
- Smallholder production mode, mostly traditional farm households.
Large plantations focus on export commodities such as palm oil and rubber, while small-scale farmers focus on horticultural commodities such as rice, soybeans, corn, fruits and vegetables to meet the food consumption of local and regional populations.
Located in the tropics, Indonesia enjoys rain and abundant sunshine almost all the time, which is an essential element for agricultural products to flourish. The country has vast and abundant fertile land. Indonesia is the world's leading producer of a wide range of tropical agricultural products and essential agricultural commodities that include palm oil, natural rubber, cocoa, coffee, tea, cassava, rice and tropical spices.
Currently, Indonesia is also the world's largest producer of palm, clove and cinnamon, the second largest producer of vanilla and palm oil, the 3rd largest producer of rice and cacao, the fourth largest producer of coffee. the 5th largest tobacco producer. and the 6th largest tea producer.
Video Agriculture in Indonesia
Histori
In Indonesian history, agricultural activity stretches for several millennia with some traces that can still be observed in some parts of the archipelago. The hunter-gatherer community still exists in the interior of Borneo Indonesia and Papua (Indonesia New Guinea) as Kombai people, while they are a sophisticated rice farming community, the remnants of Hindu-Buddhist rule can still be observed in Bali through their subak irrigation system.
Ancient Era
Agriculture in Indonesia began as a means to plant and provide food. Rice, coconut, palm, taro, tubers, onions and tropical fruits are among the earliest products cultivated in the archipelago. The evidence of rice cultivation on the island of Sulawesi comes from 3000 BC. Rice has been a staple food for Indonesians for millennia and has a central place in Indonesian culture and cuisine.
The importance of rice in Indonesian culture is shown through the reverence of Dewi Sri, the ancient Javanese and Balinese rice goddesses. Traditionally, agricultural cycles associated with rice cultivation are celebrated through rituals, such as the Sunda Seren Taun or the rice harvest festival. In Bali, the traditional subak irrigation system is made to ensure that there is sufficient water supply for rice fields. The irrigation system is administered by priests and made around the "water temple". The Indonesian vernacular architecture also recognizes the figures of the granary or rice granary style, such as the Sundanese leuit, the Sasak-style rice bar, the tongkonan Toraja form, Minangkabau rangkiang . Rice cultivation forms a landscape, sold on the market, and is served on most meals.
While some relief panels on the temple wall, such as Borobudur and Prambanan, depict agricultural activities, Java stone inscriptions can be traced back from the 8th century, depicting the king placing a levy on rice. In addition to rice, Borobudur reliefs also depict other native agricultural products, such as bananas ( musa paradisiaca ), coconut ( Cocos nucifera ), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) (Durian zibethinus ) and mangosteen () Mangifera indica Syzygium samarangense ), jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ), durian ( Durio zibethinus ) i>).
The local kingdom in Indonesia was among the earliest governments to participate in the global spice trade. The ancient maritime kingdom of Sriwijaya (7th to 11th centuries) and Majapahit (13th to 15th century) for example, are actively involved in the spice trade with China, India and the Middle East. The Port of Sunda and Banten was an important pepper trade center in the 14th to 17th centuries.
The colonial era
Specific endemic Indonesian spices such as nutmegs from the Banda Islands and cloves are highly sought after in the West, and encourage the European Age of Exploration. The Portuguese were the earliest Europeans who established their presence in the archipelago at the beginning of the 16th century. The Portuguese, through Spanish intermediaries, introduced New World products such as chili, corn, papaya, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, rubber and tobacco into the soil of the archipelago.
The spike in global spice trade is what causes European traders to reach the Indonesian archipelago looking for the direct source of precious spices, at the same time, cutting through intermediaries in Asia (Arabs and Indian merchants) and in Europe (Italian merchants). At the beginning of the 17th century, the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) began to build its influence within the archipelago, by building trading offices, warehouses and fortresses in Amboina and Batavia. At that time, the VOC monopolized the trading of spice commodities, especially pepper and nutmeg, and actively pursued its shares in intra-Asian trade with India and China. The VOC established a further sugar plantation in Java.
At the turn of the nineteenth century, the VOC was declared bankrupt and nationalized by the Dutch as the Dutch East Indies. This event officially marked the Dutch colonial period in the archipelago. In the middle of the nineteenth century, the Dutch East Indies government instituted a cultuurstelsel that required some agricultural production land to be devoted to exporting crops. The cultivation system was enacted in Java and other parts of Indonesia by the Dutch colonial government between 1830 and 1870. Indonesian historians refer to it as Cultivation ("Cultivation of Enforcement"). The Netherlands introduced a number of crops and commodities to create and build economic machines in its colonies. The establishment of sugarcane, coffee, tea, tobacco, quinine, rubber and palm oil plantations was also expanded in the colony.
During the Dutch East Indies era, the agricultural sector was regulated by the Ministry of Agriculture. Economic Affairs (1934).
Republican Era
In 1942, the Dutch East Indies fell under the control of the Japanese Empire. During the Japanese occupation, the agricultural sector was overseen by Gunseikanbu Sangyobu . During World War II (1942-1945), the Indies experienced difficulties that included agricultural scarcity and hunger. The yield of rice and plantation commodities is controlled by the imperial Japanese military authorities. The plantation business, which is the main economic sector, was relatively closed during the Pacific War and the ensuing Indonesian independence war (1945-1949). All efforts in the agricultural sector are focused on meeting basic food needs (rice) and clothing (cotton). The Imperial Empire of Japan sought to increase the production of rice and cotton in the occupied Indies by mobilizing manpower. However, the scarcity of these important commodities prevails and leads to food and starvation.
The Republic of Indonesia declared its independence on August 17, 1945. Indonesia became a member of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in 1948. This partnership was strengthened by the opening of FAO's state office in 1978. The republican agricultural sector has been overseen and regulated by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. The Republic of Indonesia also nationalized many of the colonial economic infrastructure, institutions and businesses and inherited its predecessor agricultural system, the Dutch East Indies.
In the 1960s to the 1980s, the republic made every effort to develop the post-war agriculture sector and lead to a significant expansion of the sector. During the Suharto era, the government launched a transmigration program that displaced landless peasants from overpopulated Java to less populous Sumatran, Borneo, Sulawesi and Papua, thereby expanding agricultural agriculture in the outer islands of the region.
The most significant growth indicator was the expansion of oil palm plantations, which became a new form of transmigration program. Currently, Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil and a major producer of coffee, rubber and cocoa. However, Indonesia still has a large area of ​​vacant land that has the potential to be developed into agricultural land. This includes 40 million hectares of degraded forest areas that have turned into pasture after being abandoned by logging concessionaires.
Agricultural commodities are known for their economic resilience and are among the first to recover from the impact of the global financial crisis. With a large number of people still working in the agricultural segment, Indonesia has great potential to attract foreign investment.
Maps Agriculture in Indonesia
Food products
The agricultural sector plays an important role in food production and food security and in supplying the needs of a very large Indonesian population.
Rice
Rice is a staple food in Indonesian food, as Indonesian specialties consist of a rich side dish of flavor, meat or poultry and vegetables, which surrounds a stack of steamed rice. Indonesia is the third largest rice producer in the world after China and India. However, due to Indonesia's large population, the rice it produces is consumed internally. To ensure food security, the government fills the gap by importing from neighboring countries such as Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia.
Horticulture
Horticulture, which includes the production of fruits and vegetables, plays an important role in the local economy of Indonesia and in achieving food security. Indonesia has a variety of horticultural products. The original fruit includes durian, mangosteen, rambutan, salak, banana, jackfruit, mango, kedondong , water jambu , buni , jamblang and harp . Most of the fruits and vegetables needed by consumers are supplied by local traditional farmers. The price of the product depends heavily on seasonal availability and proximity to the production center, due to transport constraints and cargo infrastructure. As a result, the price of horticultural products varies widely throughout Indonesia. Prices may be cheaper in Bandung and Bukittinggi because they are closer to horticultural farms but significantly more expensive in Pekanbaru and Balikpapan are located far from production centers. Recently, thanks to Indonesia's varied topography, non-tropical horticultural products such as apples, strawberries, melons, grapes and dragon fruits are grown in the cooler mountains of Indonesia. The mountainous area around Malang in East Java is the center of apple and dragon production, while the people around Bandung in West Java are the center for the production of strawberries, melons and mushrooms.
Although it is home to the world's 4th largest population that makes it a great market for horticultural products, the horticultural sector in Indonesia is considered to be underperforming leading to the need to import fruit and vegetables. Indonesian horticultural farmers face a problematic situation - imported horticultural products are often cheaper than locally produced horticultural products. Compared to neighboring countries with well developed horticulture sector such as Thailand, Indonesia has many improvements. Currently, Indonesia imports many horticultural needs from Thailand (durian, carrot and chilli), Chinese (garlic, orange and pear) and from the United States (soybeans and apples). To protect local farmers, the Indonesian government implements protectionist policies on import arrangements for horticultural products, as well as restricting entry ports.
Spices are an important ingredient in Indonesian cuisine. In Indonesian, the spices are called spices, while the spice mixture is called spice, they are finely chopped or ground into a paste using traditional mortar and pestle, and spread to vegetables, meat, poultry , fish and seafood to add flavor and flavor. Known around the world as the "Spice Islands", the Indonesian islands of Maluku contribute to the introduction of indigenous spices to the world. Spices such as nutmeg (clove/mace), clove cloves, leaves pandan (Pandan leaves) , kluwek (Pangium edule) and laos (galangal) are indigenous Indonesians. However, strangely nutmeg, mace and cloves are rarely used in Indonesian cuisine.
It is possible that black pepper, turmeric, turmeric, lemongrass, lemongrassa, kija, (curry leaves), onions, cinnamon, walnut, hazelnut, coriander (coriander), and tamarind (acid) is introduced from India or mainland Southeast Asia, while ginger (ginger), leek (leek) and garlic (garlic) were introduced from China. Spices from mainland Asia were introduced earlier, in ancient times, so they became an integral ingredient in Indonesian cuisine. While New World spices such as chili and tomato were introduced by Portuguese and Spanish traders during the age of exploration in the 16th century.
Commodity
Palm oil
Indonesia is the world's largest producer and consumer of commodities, providing about half the world's supply. Oil palm plantations stretch across 6 million hectares. Palm oil is an essential ingredient for producing cooking oil, as well as other food and cosmetic products. The country is also aiming to become the largest coconut based biofuel production center.
Coconut
Coconut plays an important role in Indonesian cuisine as well as its economy. Santan is an important ingredient in Indonesia's favorite quantities, including rendang and soto . According to figures released in December 2009 by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, it is the second largest coconut producer in the world, producing 15,319,500 tons in 2009.
Rubber
Indonesia's rubber industry took root in the colonial Dutch East Indies; At the beginning of the 20th century, rubber plantations in the colony thrived, largely due to the emergence of natural rubber tire industry to supply the growing automotive industry in the United States and Europe. Currently, Indonesia's rubber production is the second largest in the world after Thailand. Natural rubber is an important export commodity that produces foreign exchange, with a tendency to increase production. In fact, ASEAN countries are among the largest natural rubber producers; combined rubber products from three ASEAN members - Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia - accounted for nearly 66 percent of global rubber production. However, compared to neighboring countries, Indonesia's productivity rate is lower (1,080 kg/ha), compared to Thailand (1,800 kg/ha), Vietnam (1,720 kg/ha) and Malaysia (1,510 kg/ha). Smallholders in Indonesia maintain about 85 percent of the total rubber plantations, which indicate the small role of government and large private plantations in Indonesia's rubber industry. Another problem is the lack of rubber processing facilities and manufacturing industries. In Indonesia, about half of the internally absorbed natural rubber enters the tire manufacturing industry, followed by rubber gloves, rubber yarns, footwear, retread tires, medical gloves, rubber carpets and various rubber appliances.
Coffee
In 2014, Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer. Coffee in Indonesia begins with its colonial history, and has played an important role in the growth of the country. Indonesia's geographical location is considered ideal for coffee plantations. Located near the equator and with many mountain areas throughout the island that create a microclimate suitable for coffee growth and production.
Indonesia produces around 540,000 metric tons of coffee by 2014. Of this amount, an estimated 154,800 tons is required for domestic consumption in the financial year 2013-2014. Of exports, 25% are arabica seeds; the rest is robusta.
Tea
Indonesia is the sixth largest tea producer in the world. Tea production in Indonesia began in the 18th century, introduced by the Netherlands as a commercial plant. Indonesia produced 150,100 tons of tea by 2013. However, 65% of the exported from the country, which shows relatively low Indonesian tea consumption. Tea production in Indonesia is focused primarily on black tea, although a small amount of green is also produced. In addition, many Indonesian tea varieties are not known globally, as many Indonesian teas are used in the mix; mixed with other teas.
Tobacco
Indonesia is the fifth largest tobacco producer in the world, and also the fifth largest tobacco market in the world, and in 2008 more than 165 billion cigarettes were sold in the country.
Environmental issues
Because agricultural activities change the landscape; from rain forests, peatlands and swamps to fertile ground, of course, it has natural and environmental consequences. Environmental issues such as deforestation and forest and plantation fires, caused by the forestry and agricultural sectors in Indonesia, continue to be an ongoing problem that needs to be addressed and resolved.
Deforestation
Deforestation in Indonesia is caused by logging industries, both legal and illegal, and in turn also contributes to the conversion of natural rainforests into agricultural land, especially oil palm plantations. Clearing rain forests for palm oil plantations has destroyed critical habitats for endangered species such as rhinos, elephants, tigers and orangutans, all of which have been pushed to the brink of extinction. This practice has increased international oversight of the palm oil industry in Indonesia, especially from the World Wide Fund for Nature, and increased demand for sustainable palm oil production and certification.
Forest fires and plantations
The poor practice of Indonesian oil palm plantations and bad environmental responsibility, has caused major fog problems every year. Since 1997 Indonesia has struggled to cope with forest fires, especially on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. Haze occurs every year during the dry season and is mostly caused by illegal agricultural fires resulting from slash-and-burn practices in Indonesia, particularly in the provinces of South Sumatra and Riau on the Indonesian island of Sumatra and Borneo in Borneo Indonesia. The fog that occurred in 1997 was one of the most severe; Solid disaster occurred again in 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013, and the worst occurred in 2015, killing dozens of Indonesians as a result of respiratory illness and road accidents due to poor visibility.
See also
- Rice production in Indonesia
- Palm oil production in Indonesia
- Coconut production in Indonesia
- Coffee production in Indonesia
References
External links
- Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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